Approaches

Question 1

Psychodynamic Approach

Answer 1

is a perspective that describes the different forces, most of which are unconscious, that operate on the mind and direct human experience and behaviour

Question 2

3 levels in the mind:

Answer 2

-conscious
-preconscious
-unconscious

Question 3

3 components of structure of personality

Answer 3

-the Id
-the Ego
-the Superego

Question 4

The Id

Answer 4

-primative
-operates on pleasure principle
-unconscious drives and instincts
-presented at birth
-selfish

Question 5

The Ego

Answer 5

-reality
-mediator between the other two
-2 yrs
-reduce conflict between id and superego
-defence mechanisms

Question 6

The Superego

Answer 6

formed at the end of the phallic stage
-internalised sense of right and wrong
-moral
-punishes the ego for wrongdoing (guilt)

Question 7

What happens when a balance between the structures isn’t achieved?

Answer 7

abnormal behaviour results, anxiety disorders

Question 8

Oral Stage

Answer 8

-0-1
-focus of pleasure is the mouth - desiring the mother’s breast
-oral fixation
-smoking, nailbiting, sarcasm or over-critical

Question 9

Anal Stage

Answer 9

-1-3
-focus of pleasure is the anus - pleasure witholding or expelling faeces
-anal retentive - perfectionist/obsessive
-anal expulsive- thoughtless/reckless

Question 10

Phallic Stage

Answer 10

-3-6
-focus of pleasure is genital area
-oedipus or electra complex
-phallic personality - narcissistic, reckless, possibly homosexual

Question 11

Latency Stage

Answer 11

-6-12
-Earlier conflicts are repressed

Question 12

Genital Stage

Answer 12

-puberty onwards
-sexual desires become conscious
-primary source of pleasure is persuit of heterosexual relationships
-if not met, difficulty forming heterosexual relationships

Question 13

Defense mechanisms

Answer 13

unconscious strategies used by the ego to manage anxiety caused by conflict between the parts of the personality

Question 14

Repression

Answer 14

forcing a distressed memory out of the conscious mind

Question 15

Denial

Answer 15

refusing to acknowledge some aspect of reality

Question 16

Displacement

Answer 16

Transferring feelings from true source of distressing emotion onto a substitute target

Question 17

The Behaviourist Approach

Answer 17

All behaviour is learnt and is influenced by the environment via conditioning

Question 18

Classical Conditioning

Answer 18

-learnt through association
-Pavlov’s dog
-able to show that a neutral stimulus can come to elicit a new learned (conditioned) response through association

Question 19

Neutral Stimulus

Answer 19

An event that does not produce a response

Question 20

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 20

An event that produces an innate, unlearned reflex or response

Question 21

Unconditioned Response

Answer 21

An innate, reflex behaviour that is produced when exposed to an unconditioned stimulus

Question 22

Condtioned Stimulus

Answer 22

An event that produces a learned response

Question 23

Conditioned Response

Answer 23

A learned behaviour that is produced when exposed to a conditioned stimulus

Question 24

Key features of classical conditioning

Answer 24

-timing
-stimulus generalisation
-extinction
-spontaneous recovery