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Psychology > Approaches in Psychology > Flashcards

Approaches in Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

`Introspection

A

The examination or observation of one’s own mental and emotional processes

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2
Q

Behaviourism

A

Stresses the importance of studying observable behaviours and ignores the mental processes invoved in different tasks

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3
Q

Falsifiability

A

Mentality that a hypothesis can be proved wrong

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4
Q

Objective

A

Work ust not be affected by the interests of that of the researcher for PPTs

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5
Q

Repliciability

A

Experiment can be replicated easily

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6
Q

Empirical

A

Based on observation or experience

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7
Q

Behaviourist Approach (Assumptions)

A

-behaviour is learned through direct experience
-all animals and humans are conditioned to behave the way they do

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8
Q

Behaviourist Approach (Classical Conditioning)

A

A learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone

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9
Q

Behaviourist Approach (Operant Conditioning)

A

The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses

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10
Q

Neutral Stimulus

A

An event that does not produce a response

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11
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus

A

An event that produces an innate response

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12
Q

Unconditioned Response

A

An innate, reflex behaviour that is produced when exposed to an unconditioned response

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13
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

An event that produces a learned response

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14
Q

Conditioned Response

A

A learned behaviour that is produced when exposed to a conditioned stimulus

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15
Q

Which study links to classical conditioning?

A

Pavlov’s dog

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16
Q

Timing

A

If NS cannot be used to predict UCS, then conditioning dos not occur

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17
Q

Stimulus Generalisation

A

Once an animal has been conditioned, they will respond to other stimuli similar to the CS

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18
Q

Extinction

A

The CR does not become permanently established as a response.

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19
Q

Sponatneous Recovery

A

Following extinction, if the CS and UCS are paired together again, the link can be made much quicker.

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20
Q

What can prevent extinction from occurring?

A

Negative Reinforcement

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21
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Rewarding a desired behaviour by adding a positive stimulus

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22
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Remove something unpleasant to enforce the desired behaviour

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23
Q

Positive Punishment

A

Behaviour followed by an unpleasant consequence

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24
Q

Negative Punishment

A

Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease behaviour

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25
Q

Which study links to operant conditioning?

A

Skinner’s Box

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26
Q

Advantage of Behaviourist Approach (SC)

A

Scientific Credibility
-highly controlled lab study = objective and replicable
-gives psychology more scientific credibility
CP- unethical as unnatural and stressful environment for animals

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27
Q

Advantage of Behaviourist Approach (RLA)

A

Real Life Application
-eg, token economy systems in prison
-rewarding positive behaviours
-treatment of phobias use classical conditioning

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28
Q

Disadvantage of Behaviourist Approach (MV)

A

Mechanistic View
-Animals seen as passive responders
-SLT and cognitive view behaviour as conscious and active mental processes between stimulus and response

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29
Q

Disadvantage of Behaviourist Approach (ED)

A

Environmentally Determinisitic
-all behaviours are determined by reinforcement history
-ignores free will (Skinner says free will is an illusion)

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30
Q

Social Learning Theory (Assumptions)

A

Behaviour is learned through experience, through observation and imitation of others

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31
Q

Social Learning Theory (Vicarious Reinforcement)

A

Copying a behaviour after observing someone be rewarded for the same behaviour

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32
Q

Social Learning Theory (Mediational Processes)

A

Mental Factors/processes in learning
-Attention
-Retention
-Reproduction
-Motivation

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33
Q

Attention

A

The extent to which we notice certain behavaiours

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34
Q

Retention

A

How well a behvaiour is remembered

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35
Q

Reproduction

A

The ability of the observer to perform the behaviour

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36
Q

Motivation

A

The will to perform the behaviour, often determined by whether the behaviour was rewarded or punished

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37
Q

Social Learning Theory (Identification)

A

More likely to imitate with role models who they identifiy with (modelling)

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38
Q

Bandura’s Bobo Doll Study

A

When children watched an adult play aggressively, they are also more likely to play aggressively

39
Q

Advantage of Social Learning Theory (CE)

A

Comprehensive Explanation
-mediational processes -> recognising cognitie processes
-less reductionist than behaviourism

40
Q

Advantage of Social Learning Theory (RLA)

A

Real Life Application
-explains culturual diffferences
-different cultures cause different role models in real life and in media
-cultural norms and transmitted through societies

41
Q

Disadvantage of Social Learning Theory (LS)

A

Over-reliance on lab studies
-Bandura’s lab study was with a two-way mirror -DC- children played in a way they believed was expected
-Does not show behaviour in everyday life

42
Q

Disadvantage of Social Learning Theory (BF)

A

Underestimate biological factors
-reciprocal determinism
-Bandura’s study -> boys were more aggressive than girls
-hormonal factors = testosterone ignored
-biology not accounted for

43
Q

Cognitive Approach (Assumptions)

A

Internal mental processes can be studied scientifically, cannot be observed so cognitive psychologists make inferences

44
Q

Cognitive Approach (Role of Schema)

A

Mental framework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing, prevent stimuli from being overwhelming but can distort our sensory interpretations

45
Q

Cognitive Approach (Models)

A

Information processing approach
Mind is likened to a computer model and applied to artifical intelligence

46
Q

Cognitive Approach (cognitive neuroscience)

A

The scientific study of those biological structures that underpin cognitive processes

47
Q

Inference

A

The process whereby cognitive pschologists draw conclusions about the way mental processes operate on the basis of observed behaviour

48
Q

Advantage of Cognitive Approach (SM)

A

Scientific & Objective Methods
-highly controlled lab experiments = reliable, objective data
-biology & cognitive psychology increases scientific credibility

49
Q

Advantage of Cognitive Approach (RWA)

A

Real World Application
-large contribution to developments of AI
-may revolutionise future technology

50
Q

Disadvantage of Cognitive Approach (MR)

A

Machine Reductionism
-computer analogy
-ignores human emotion
CP- Soft Determinism
-interactionist as we are free to think before responding to stimuli

51
Q

Disadvantage of Cognitive Approach (EV)

A

May lack external validity
-inferences can be abstract as we cannot see internal mental processes

52
Q

Biological Approach (Assumptions)

A

Everything psychological is first biological, behaviour is based on biological structures, mind livs in the brain so all thoughts & feelings have a physical basis

53
Q

Biological Approach (Neurochemical basis of behaviour)

A

Thought and behaviour depends on chemicals (neurotransmitters, seratonin, etc

54
Q

Biological Approach (Genetic basis of behaviour)

A

Twin Studies, concordance rates between MZ and DZ twins shows the genetic basis of psychological characteristics

55
Q

Biological Approach (Genotype and phenotype)

A

Genes v expression of genes (nature v nurture)

56
Q

Biological Approach (Evolution and behaviour)

A

Natural selection of genes based on survival value and reproductive success

57
Q

Genes

A

Make up of DNA

58
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic makeup

59
Q

Phenotype

A

The way genes are expressed, influenced by the environment

60
Q

Seratonin role

A

Inhibits aggressive responses to emotional stimulus

61
Q

Dopamine role

A

Regulates mood and attention -> linked to schizophrenia

62
Q

Evolutution

A

The changes in inherited characteristics in a biological population over successive generations

63
Q

Advantage of the biological approach (SM)

A

Scientific Methods
-FMRI’s, EEG’s, family and twin studies, drug trials
-advanced technology = easy to accurately measure biological neural processes with no bias
-based on reliable data

64
Q

Advantage of the Biological Approach (RLA)

A

Real Life Application
-led to the development of psychoactive drugs e.g. antidepressants
-revolutionised treatment, allowing sufferers to improve their quality of life

65
Q

Disadvantages of the Biological Approach (D)

A

Biologically Deterministic
-human behaviour governed by internal biological processes
-implications on legal system as criminals with a ‘criminal gene’ may not be morally responsible

66
Q

Disadvantages of the Biological Approach (NvN)

A

Cannot separate Nature and Nurture
-twins and family members all have the same genes
-but confounding variables of similar environmental conditions
-data could support the idea of nurture
-DZ twins often have higher concordance rates than siblings = nurture

67
Q

Psychodynaimic Approach (Role of the unconscious)

A

Makes up most of our mind that has significant influences on behaviour and personality

68
Q

Psychodynaimic Approach (Structure of Personality)

A

-the Id
-the Ego
-the Superego

69
Q

Psychodynaimic Approach (Psychodynamic Stages)

A

-oral
-anal
-phallic
-latency
-genital

70
Q

Psychodynaimic Approach
(Defence Mechanisms)

A

-denial
-repression
-displacement

71
Q

Id

A

Unconscious drives and instincts - pleasure principle - present at birth

72
Q

Ego

A

Mediates personality - reality principle - approximately age 2 - employs defence mechanisms

73
Q

Superego

A

Creates moral standards and guilt - develops at the end of phallic stage (5)

74
Q

Oral Stage

A
  • 0-1 years
  • focus of pleasure is the mouth - desiring mother’s breast
  • oral fixation
  • smoking, nailbiting, sarcasm or over-critical
75
Q

Anal Stage

A
  • 1-3 years
  • focus of pleasure is the anus - pleasure witholding or expelling faeces
  • anal retentive - perfectionist/obsessive
  • anal expulsive - thoughtless/reckless
76
Q

Phallic Stage

A
  • 3-6
  • focus of pleasure is the genital area
  • oedipus or electra complex
  • phallic personality - narcissistic, reckless, possobly homosexual
77
Q

Latency Stage

A
  • 6-12
  • Earlier conflicts are repressed
78
Q

Genital Stage

A
  • puberty onwards
  • sexual desires become conscious
  • primary source of pleasure is persuit of heterosexual relationships
  • if not met, difficulty forming heterosexual relationships
79
Q

Repression

A

Forcing a distressing memory out of the conscious mind

80
Q

Denial

A

Refusing to acknowledge some aspect of reality

81
Q

Displacement

A

Transferring feelings from true source of distessing emotion onto a substitute target

82
Q

Advantage of the Psychodynamic Approach (EP)

A

Explanatory Power
-dominant force in psychology for the first half of the century
-explains phenomena
-connects childhood experiences to later development
-suggests positive impact on psychology

83
Q

Advantage of the Psychodynamic Approach (PA)

A

Practical Application
-new therapy = psychoanalysis
-techniques to access unconscious
CP - claimed as inappropriate for those with severe mental health disorders e.g. schizophrenia

84
Q

Disadvantage of Psychodynamic Approach (UT)

A

Untestable Concepts
-cannot be falsified
-not open to empirical testing
-unconscious cannot be tested so is a pseudoscience –> bad reputation for psychology

85
Q

Disadvantage of Psychodynamic Approach (CS)

A

Case Studies
-cannot create universal claims from small, abnormal sample
-highly subjective interpretations
-lacks scientific credibility

86
Q

Humanistic Approach (Free will)

A

People are active agents who are self-determining

87
Q

Humanistic Approach (Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs)

A

A five levelled hierarchacal sequence in which basic physiological needs must be satisfied before psychological needs can be achieved.
-physiological
-safety
-love/belonging
-self-esteem
-self-actualisation

88
Q

Humanistic Approach (Self-actualisation)

A

The desire to grow psychologically and fulfill one’s potential - becoming what you are fully capable of

89
Q

Humanistic Approach (The self, congruence, and conditions of worth)

A

-Self - the ideas and values that characterise ones self and includes perception and valuing what you do
-Congruence - when the self-concept and ideal self are seen to broadly accord or match
-Conditions of Worth - parent limits their love for their child

90
Q

Advantage of Humanistic Approach (NR)

A

Not Reductionist
-humanism avoids holism so whole person is considered
-increases validity by considering meaningful behaviour in real-life contexts

91
Q

Advantage of Humanistic Approach (PA)

A

Positive Approach
-promoting positive image of the human condition
-refreshing and optimistic alternative
-sees people in control

92
Q

Disadvantage of Humanistic Approach (LA)

A

Limited Application
-limited impact in psychology as a whole
-not evidence-based, abstract concepts

93
Q

Disadvantage of Humanistic Approach (CB)

A

Cultural Bias
-freedom, autonomy and growth is more associated to individualistic cultures
-collectivist groups may not identify with humanistic values
-product of individualist culture context

94
Q

What does client-centred therapy involve?

A

Issues explained by negative self esteem and lack of unconditional positive regard in childhood so therapist provides this

Psychology (5 decks)

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