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Approaches Flashcards

1
Q

What is introspection?

A

First experimental attempt to study the mind by breaking up conscious awareness into basic structures of thoughts, images and sensations = structuralism

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2
Q

Father of psychology

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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3
Q

Where and when did Wundt study

A

Liepzig, Germany, 1879

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4
Q

Process of introspection

A
  1. Trained observers get exposed to stimuli
    (sound,image,sensory)
  2. Internal examination (write down thoughts/feelings immediately)
  3. Analysis
  4. Repeat
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5
Q

Wundts aim

A

To study the mind, describe nature of human conscious

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6
Q

Positives of introspection (4)

A
  1. Would be classed as scientific
  2. Standardised procedures
  3. controlled lab environment
  4. Used in research today (Griffiths study on gambling)
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7
Q

Negatives of introspection (4)

A
  1. Could be considered as unscientific
  2. Subjective data (change dependent of personal perspective)
  3. May not have same thoughts every time
  4. My not reveal all thoughts
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8
Q

Psychologist in 1879

A

Wilhulm Wundt, study of introspection

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9
Q

Who was Sigmund Freud and when did he carry out research

A

!900’s, emphasised the influence of the unconscious mind. Psycho dynamic approach. Physical problems explained by conflicts in the mind

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10
Q

1913

A

Behaviourist John B Watson. We should only study phenomena (can be observed/measured)

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11
Q

B.F Skinner

A

Behaviourist, 1930’s. Scientific terms and controlled experiments (on animals).

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12
Q

What did behaviourists believe

A

Introspection was wrong (subjective), we should study data that can be observed and measured

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13
Q

1950’s Humanistic Approach

A

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. Importance of free will and self determination.

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14
Q

What did computers do for psychology

A

Metaphor for the human mind/story memory

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15
Q

Cognitive approach

A

Study mental processes/mind

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16
Q

Albert Bandura

A

1960’s, Social learning theory, cognative factors in learing

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17
Q

Biological approach

A

1980’s, Advance technology allows for the brain to be studied

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18
Q

Cognitive neuroscience, 2000’s

A

Brings together cognitive and biological approaches.

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19
Q

Classical conditioning is

A

Learning by association. Behaviourist approach.

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20
Q

Behaviourist assumptions (8)

A
  1. Only interested in studying behaviour that can be measured or observed
  2. psychology = scientific
  3. Regect introspection
  4. Study should be lab based
  5. All behaviour is learnt
  6. Humans and animals learn in the same way, study n animals can be generalised
  7. All born tabula rasa
  8. Behaviour is shaped by environment/learning; no free will
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21
Q

Who demonstrated classical conditioning

A

Ivan Pavlov in 1927

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22
Q

Process of classical conditioning through dogs

A

Before: unconditioned stimulus (food) give as unconditioned response (salivation)
Neutral stimulus (bell) gives no response
During: unconditioned stimulus + neutral stimulus = unconditioned response (repeated)
After: conditioned stimulus (bell) = conditioned response (salivation)

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23
Q

Tabula Rasa

A

A blank slate

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24
Q

Strength of classical conditioning

A
  1. scientific credibility
  2. Therapies based on classical conditioning (treatment for phobias/exposure therapy)
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25
Q

Weakness of classical conditioning

A
  1. Research on animals (generalised)
  2. Study ignore other other explanation to behaviour (biology) - limited perspective
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26
Q

Two types of behaviorist approaches

A

Classical and operant conditioning

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27
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Behavior is shaped and maintained through consequences

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28
Q

Types of consequences

A

Positive/negative punishment or positive/negative reinforcement

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29
Q

What does reinforcement do for behavior

A

Increases repetition of behavior

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30
Q

What does punishment do for behavior

A

Decrease repetition of behavior

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31
Q

What did B.F Skinner believe

A

‘Learning is an active process whereby humans and animals operate on their environment - shaped by consequence.’

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32
Q

Two types of reinforcement

A

+ = giving something pleasant (reward)
- = removal/avoidance of something unpleasant

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33
Q

Two types of punishment

A

+ = giving something unpleasant
- = removal of something pleasant

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34
Q

Who and when was B.F Skinner

A

1953 American (behaviorist) psychologist

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35
Q

What did Skinner build to test his theory

A

Skinner box

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36
Q

What did animals did Skinner use

A

Rats and pigeons (peak disc rather than lever)

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37
Q

Method of operant conditioning - positive reinforcement

A
  1. Hungry rat in box
  2. Rat runs around and presses lever (accident) = food
  3. After a few times, goes straight to lever = food
  4. Repeat
  5. Time taken to learn was recorded
38
Q

Method of operant conditioning - negative reinforcement

A
  1. Electric shocks given
  2. Pushes lever (accident) = stops shock
  3. Repeat
  4. Rat learns lever = no shocks
39
Q

Strengths of operant conditioning

A

Real life applications (token economy reward system - good behavior is rewarded e.g in schools/work)

40
Q

Weakness of operant conditioning

A

Animal research = ethical issues - housed is cramped conditions, under feed
Lacks generalisation (done of animals )
Limited perspective on behavior - ignore other levels that explain behavior

41
Q

Social learning theory

A

Observing role models and imitating behaviour that is rewarded

42
Q

Who tested social learning theory

A

Albert Bandura

43
Q

Social learning theory is a bridge between what approaches

A

Cognitive and behaviourist

44
Q

How did social learning theory suggest we learn

A

Observation, imitation (if seen to be rewarded - reinforced)

45
Q

Mediational processes

A

Mental factors involved in learning

46
Q

4 mediational processes in learning

A
  1. Attention - behaviour is noticed
  2. Retention - behaviour is remembered
  3. Reproduction - physically able to do it (imitate)
  4. Motivation - will to perform behaviour (often related to if punished/rewarded)
47
Q

Identification (SLT)

A

More likely to imitate behaviour if they identify with someone

48
Q

The role model is

A

Person they identify with

49
Q

What is the processes of imitating the role model

50
Q

Factors that cause imitation of behaviour

A

Age, gender, attraction, high statues

51
Q

When and what was Bandura’s experiment

A

1961, The bobo doll experiment

52
Q

Aim of Banura’s experiment

A

See whether aggressive behaviour could be acquired thought observing an aggressive role model

53
Q

Who where the participants in Bandura’s experiment

A

Children aged 3-6, 36 boys, 36 girls and adult role models

54
Q

Independent variable of SLT experiment

A

Model of aggression and sex of the role model

55
Q

Dependent variable of SLT experiment

A

Level of aggression showed by children

56
Q

Key steps of the Bobo Doll Experiment

A
  1. Children either saw a male or female role model who was either aggressive or not
  2. After children put in a room with a bobo doll and watched to observe behaviour
57
Q

How many groups involved in the SLT Bobo Doll Experiment

A

8 groups plus a control group who saw no role model

58
Q

How long where children observed for in the Bobo doll experiment.

A

20 minutes

59
Q

Three variations to the Bobo Doll Experiment where…..

A
  1. Participant in the same room as role model
  2. Video of role model
  3. Role model was reinforced or punished for behaviour
60
Q

Findings from the Bobo doll experiment (5)

A
  1. Aggressive behaviour by role model was imitate by participant
  2. Greater imitation if same sex role model
  3. No difference between video or real life
  4. Reinforcement encouraged aggression more than punishment
  5. 1/3 repeated verbal aggression by model whereas people who saw nothing said nothing
60
Q

Conclusions from the SLT Bobo Doll Experiment

A

Behaviour can be acquired by imitation of role models. More likely to if model is same gender

60
Q

Negatives of SLT

A

Underestimates the influence of biological factors (testosterone level = agression)

61
Q

Negatives of the Bobo Doll Experiment

A

Low ecological validity (unnatural setting), can’t see long term effect, demand characteristics (purpose of doll is to hit)

61
Q

Advantage of SLT

A

Useful applications (criminal behaviour), supporting research

61
Q

Advantage of Bobo Doll Experiment

A

Good internal validity, lab, control variable, replicated

62
Q

What was the research supporting SLT and Bobo doll

A

Girls in Fiji before and after western TV.

62
Q

Findings from the Fiji experiment supporting SLT

A

11.3% vomited due to weight, 74% felt too big, 83% felt TV influenced body weight

62
Q

What is the cognitive approach

A

How our mental processes affect behaviour

62
Q

What is the schema

A

Cognitive frame that helps to interpret information in the brain and make sense of new information. Make predictions for whats going to happen

63
Q

When was cognitive approach developed

64
Q

What is a metaphor for mental processes

65
Q

What was the cognitive approach in response to

A

Behaviourist failure to acknowledge mental processes

66
Q

Key assumptions of cognitive approach (5)

A
  1. Between stimulus and response, brain actively processes information with mental processes
  2. Internal processes should be studied scientifically
  3. Cannot be observed so inferences made about minds based on behaviour
  4. Humans = data processing systems
  5. Humans minds are like computers
67
Q

How are schemas developed

A

Through experiences. Effected by someones beliefs or expectations. Older we are the more detailed schema is

68
Q

Positive of schema

A

Process info quickly, mental shortcut

69
Q

Negative of schema

A

Can distort our interpretations leading to perceptual error

70
Q

How are computers and the brain similar

A

Receive systems and generate outputs, process info through programmed steps

71
Q

Theoretical models that help understand the brain

A

Flowcharts represent mental processes

72
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience

A

Scientific study of brain structures influence on mental processes

73
Q

How do people look at the brain

A

PET and fMRI scans able to study mental processing

74
Q

Research about memory (cognitive neuroscience)

A

Tulving et al 1994, research episodic (life memories) and semantic (facts and figures memories) memories located at different sides of prefrontal cortex

75
Q

Cognitive neuroscience has helped testing psychiatric conditions including

A

Parahippocampal gyrus (processing unpleasant emotion) link to OCD

76
Q

Strength of cognitive approach (3)

A
  1. Real life applications - therapies
  2. Cognitive neuroscience enabled links from brain and internal processes
  3. Scientific - high control
77
Q

Cognitive neuroscience is a combination of

A

Biology and cognitive psychology

78
Q

Disadvantages of cognitive approach (3)

A
  1. Make inferences - not considered as scientific
  2. Machine reductionist - behaviour simplified to computer models
  3. Controlled research can be artificial and lacks ecological validity not eing generalised to everyday
79
Q

Biological approach

A

Emphasises on biological processes in the body such as genetic inheritance and neural functions

80
Q

Key assumptions of biological approach (5)

A
  1. ALL behaviour explained using biological processes and structures
  2. Mind lives in brain - thoughts/emotion/feeling have physical basis
  3. Biochemical imbalance effect behaviour
  4. Brain physiology affects behaviour
  5. Behaviour can be inherited
81
Q

What is neuro-chemistry

A

Action of chemicals (neurotransmitters) in brain

82
Q

How many neurons are in the brain

A

86 billion

83
Q

What is said to cause OCD

A

Low levels of serotonin

84
Q

What is said to cause schizophrenia

psychology (4 decks)

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