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Psycology > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

1
Q

Who is Wilhelm Wundt?

A

“the father of psychology”
he made the first psychology lab in germany 1870’s

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2
Q

What is Introspection?

A

systematic analysis of ones own conscious experience

thought process, feelings, emotions and sensations

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3
Q

What was Wundts method of introspection?

A
  • presented his colleagues with a controlled stimulus and asked them to describe their inner processes
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4
Q

How did Wundt control his method?

A

He used the same stimuli every time and the same standardised instructions

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5
Q

What is Falsifiability?

A

the ability to test whether a theory is right or wrong

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6
Q

What is Objectivity?

A

based on a fact/ can be observed

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7
Q

What is Reliability?

A

using the same standardised procedure and gaining similar results

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8
Q

What is the Empirical method?

A

gaining measurable data from a test

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9
Q

What is a Theory?

A

systems of idea intended to explain something based on an operationalised hypothesis

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10
Q

What is Theory construction?

A

creating a theory then testing it through experimentation

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11
Q

What is a paradigm?

A

a distinct set of concepts or thought patterns that are agreed upon within a specific domain

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12
Q

What is a paradigm shift?

A

when a theory is falsified and a new paradigm is created

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13
Q

What is the scientific approach?

A

psychology is considered a science

psychologists use empirical methods to test their hypothesis

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14
Q

Explain how method research is not Scientific as a limitation of Windts research

A
  • not scientific
  • use of introspection is non empirical and a subjective method. Ppts reporting their conscious experiences is considered unobservable.
  • His approach failed bc it lacks reliability
  • limitation as he didn’t use scientific methods. His research cant accurately be replicated
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15
Q

Evaluate Introspection still being used by modern psychologists

A
  • strength of introspection
  • Hunter et al used introspective methods to make happiness measurable. Teens had to write down their thoughts at random times of the day when a beeper went off
  • demonstrates how introspection is a useful tool and can provide greater understanding of human behaviour
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16
Q

What is the learning approach?

A

Suggests all human behaviour is learnt and we are born a blank slate

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17
Q

What are assumptions about the behaviourist approach?

A

• Behaviour is learned from experience
• Only observable behaviour is measurable
• processes that govern learning are the same in all species

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18
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

learning by association

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19
Q

Describe the processes of Classical conditioning

A

Unconditioned stimulus gives unconditioned response

Neutral stimulus gives no response

Unconditioned stimulus paired with Neutral stimulus

becomes Conditioned stimulus which provides conditioned response

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20
Q

How did Pavlov classically condition dogs?

A

Food = UCS and Salvation is the UCR

Paired food with the sound of a bell (NS)

Now when theu hear a bell they salvate
bell= CS salvation=CR

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21
Q

Evaluate experimental method as a Strength of Pavlov.

A
  • experimental method
  • used controlled conditions to establish a causal relationship between the IV and DV.
  • Strength as it allowed him to establish cause and effect
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22
Q

Evaluate Pavlov using non human animals as a limitation

A
  • non human
  • dogs don’t reveal a great deal about human behaviour. unlike animals humans have free will and behaviour isnt determined by association
  • his conclusions about classical conditioning might provide a valid explanation of human behaviour
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23
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Learning through reinforcement

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24
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

receiving a reward when a certain behaviour is performed

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25
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

When you’re rewarded by AVOIDING something unpleasant

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26
Q

What is a punishment?

A

an unpleasant consequence of a behaviour

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27
Q

What is a negative punishment?

A

removal of a desirable stimulus after a behaviour occurs

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28
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

presenting an undesirable stimulus after a behaviour occurs

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29
Q

Evaluate practical application as a strength of Behaviourist approach

A
  • has practical applications and produced successful treatments for phobias
  • classical conditioning led to systematic desensitisation which eliminates the learnt response (CR) associated with feared objects
  • treated have been found to be effective. suggests the approach must have some validity
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30
Q

Evaluate behaviourist approach supported by evidence as a strength

A
  • supported by skinners research
  • demonstrated positive and negative reinforcement on rats. He rewarded them each time they pressed a lever
    Also pavlov…
  • strength as research suggests behaviourist approach provides an accurate explanation of behaviour
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31
Q

What is a primary reinforcer?

A

Directly rewarding

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32
Q

What is a Secondary reinforcer?

A

LEADS to a reward (e.g loyalty card)

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33
Q

evaluate practical applications as a strength of behaviourist approach

A
  • practical applications
  • CC led to systematic desensitisation which eliminates learned anxious response (CR) thats associated with a feared object. learned response replaces anxiety with positive response
  • treatments are effective for many conditions. this demonstrates the contribution behaviorist approach made to psychology
34
Q

What are the basic assumptions of the Social Learning Theory?

A
  • behaviour is learned from the environment
  • behaviour is learned from observing others
35
Q

What is identification?

A

when an individual is influenced by another because they are similar to that person or wish to be like them

36
Q

What is imitation?

A

when an individual is observes behaviour from a role model and copies it

37
Q

What is Modelling?

A

observing the behaviour of a role model

38
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement?

A

observer sees someone else receive a reward so then imitate the behaviour so they will receive that reward

39
Q

What are the meditional processes?

A

ARRM
- attention
- retention
- reproduction
- motivation

40
Q

What is Attention?

A

noticing a behaviour to imitate

41
Q

What is retention?

A

remembering the behaviour you want to imitate. forming a memory

42
Q

What is reproduction

A

whether you have the physical ability to do the behavio

43
Q

What is the motivation?

A

The desire to perform the behaviour rewards motivate you to imitate it

44
Q

what are the basic assumptions of the cognitive approach?

A
  • The mind works like a computer that has an input and an output
  • thought processes should be studied scientifically
  • 
45
Q

What is a schema?

A

A mental framework of our ideas about a person/situation

Everyone has their own unique scheme about a situation

As we get older, ask him become more detailed and sophisticated

46
Q

what is a theoretical model?

A

Siri, that can be represented as a diagram and can be used to provide testable hypothesis

47
Q

What is the biological approach?

A

Behaviour is rooted in the physiology and biology of the body

48
Q

What are the basic assumptions of the biological approach?

A

behaviour is affected by:
- Genetics
- Evolution
- Central nervous system
- Biochemistry

49
Q

What is heredity?

A

characteristics are passed from one generation to the next through gene

50
Q

what is a gene?

A

The code for a particular trait

51
Q

What are monozygotic twins?

A

100% genetically the same

52
Q

What are dizygotic twins?

A

50% similar

53
Q

What is a genotype?

A

an individual genetic make up. dictates characteristics e.g eyecolour

54
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

an observable trait
physical characteristic that can be affected by the environment

55
Q

What is intersexual selection?

A

One biological sex chooses mate of the other sex to mate with

56
Q

What is intra sexual selection?

A

Competition with members of the same sex for access to members of the opposite sex

57
Q

What is maternal love?

A

A form of parental investment, powerful emotion that increases the chances of a woman’s offspring surviving

58
Q

what are mate preferences?

A

Who you want to form an intimate relationship with, they are adaptive
- males prefer women who display characteristics of fertility
- females prefer characteristics in men that the place status

59
Q

What is aggression?

A

Assume to have evolved in animals it is adaptive and can improve survival rates and increase access to resources

60
Q

What is aggression?

A

Assume to have evolved in animals it is adaptive and can improve survival rates and increase access to resources

61
Q

What is neurochemistry?

A

The biochemistry of the central nervous system

62
Q

What is neurochemistry?

A

The biochemistry of the central nervous system

63
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

They effect behaviour

for example high levels of a neurotransmitter called dopamine relate to schizophrenia

64
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Trade become more/less common depending on an individuals ability to survive and gather resources

65
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

traits become more less common depending on an individual ability to meet with more better partners

66
Q

What are the basic assumptions of the psychodynamic approach?

A
  • driving force behind our behaviour is the unconscious mind
  • instinct or drive motivate our behaviour
  • Early childhood experiences determine our personality and adult behaviour
  • Psychoanalysis should be used to make the unconscious conscious
67
Q

What is the conscious mind?

A

The part of our mind we can access

68
Q

what is the unconscious mind?

A
  • part of the mind that’s not easy to accessible
    Ha ha ha ha ha ha
  • hold thoughts that will not easily surface or maybe never will
  • stores desires, which is memories that the conscious has repressed
69
Q

What is the preconscious?

A

Things that we could be aware of if we wanted to or tried to

70
Q

what is the structure personality?

A
  • ID
  • Ego
  • Superego
71
Q

what is the ID?

A

-birth to 18 months

  • Born with the ID contains primitive urges, sexual and aggressive
  • Child life and selfish part of your personality
72
Q

what is the ego?

A

18 months to 3 years

  • develop during anal stage balance between Id and super ego
  • able to delay the Id’s drive for pleasure
73
Q

what is the super ego?

A

3 to 6 years

  • Develop during phallic stage moral guardian demands we obey all the rules we have learnt
  • Acts as individuals conscience in opposite of the Id’s. feels guilt
74
Q

What is the defence mechanism?

A

message that we use unconsciously to reduce anxiety

75
Q

What is repression?

A

Forgetting a painful or disturbing memory, it is pushed into the unconscious where it isn’t accessible

76
Q

What is denial?

A

Refusal to expect the reality of an unpleasant situation

77
Q

what is displacement?

A

When a stronger emotion is expressed onto a neutral person/object
- focusing emotions onto an uninvolved person or object

78
Q

evaluate explanatory power as a strength of defence mechanisms

A
  • have some explanatory power
  • Some people can use them to understand their experiences since many people may appreciate the idea of the notion of displacement
  • Strength as it enables people to understand their own behaviour
  • Therefore defence mechanisms are valuable contribution to explaining human behaviour?
79
Q

Evaluate lack of falsifiability as a limitation of defence mechanisms

A
  • lacks testability and falsifiability
  • they are unconscious processes that can be studied directly only inferred from reported thoughts/experiences which are open to interpretation bias
  • This is a limitation because this means that hypotheses to study them cannot be tested so scientific evidence cannot be gained
  • therefore they can be no scientific evidence that defence mechanisms are a valid explanation of humour behaviour
80
Q

What is the oral stage?

A

0 to 12 months

  • Focus on pleasure is the mouth mothers breast is the object of desire

Passive/aggressive

Psycology (6 decks)

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