approaches

Question 1

Wundt

Answer 1

-the first person to become a psychologist and believed the human mind can be explained by science
-wanted to break things down into basic parts
the body is a structure that supports your mind

Question 2

1. oral stage

Answer 2

• 0-1 years old
  -children like to put things into their mouths

Question 3

2. anal stage

Answer 3

• 2-3 years old
  -begin potty training

Question 4

3. phallic stage

Answer 4

• 3-6 years old
  -bys more attached to their mothers and girls are more attached to their farthers

Question 5

4. latency stage

Answer 5

• 6-puberty
  -children spend more time and interest mostly with the same sex peers

Question 6

5. genital

Answer 6

• beyond puberty
  -individuals are attached to opposite-sex peers

Question 7

what happens if the 5 staged go wrong

Answer 7

Oral stage: you become criminal/ abusive
Anal stage: you become anxious and gullible
Phallic stage: depression/ identity disorders
Latency stage: become schizophrenic/ bipolar
Gentital stage: you become resentful

Question 8

evaluation of the origins of psychology and scientific approach

Answer 8

-Wundt’s methods were unreliable

strengths:
-Due to its reliance on objective and systematic methods, knowledge acquired is more than just the passive acceptance of facts
-If scientific theories no longer fit the fact they can be refined or abandoned, meaning that scientific knowledge is self-corrective. Theories that are incorrect won’t last very long!

weaknesses:
-By concentrating on objectivity and control in observations, scientific psychologists create contrived situations that tell us little about how people react in natural environments
-Much of the subject matter of psychology is unobservable and, therefore cannot be measured with any degree of accuracy

Question 9

pavlov

Answer 9

Classical conditioning
Noticed that dogs always get excited around food meaning they salivated whn they smelt food
IV: food
DV:amount of saliva
Neutral stimulus: bell begins, then becomes conditioned stimulus and saliva is conditinoed response

food (UCS) = no response (UCR)
bell (NS) = no salvation

food + bell = dog salivating (UCR)

bell (CS) = salivation (CR)

Question 10

skinner

Answer 10

Operant conditioning
Put rats in a box without food
If they pressed a button they got food introducing positive reinforcement
Next time, his box gave electric shock
If they pressed the button the shocks stopped and called it negative reinforcement

Question 11

evaluation of the behaviorist approach

Answer 11

-good application (successful for child behavior management)
-oversimplified ( discounts conscious thought processes)
-scientific methods used (we can replicate the experiment to test and add validity to our findings.)

Question 12

bandura

Answer 12

Modelling
Imitation
Identification
Vicarious reinforcement

Attention
Retention
Reproductive
Motivation

Question 13

BOBO doll study

Answer 13

-Aim: To see if what children observe reflects the actions that they do on the doll
-Procedure: Children are split and different groups watch a different interaction between the bobo doll and the model. Half the group watched an actor acting aggressively towards the doll, the other confederate used non-aggressive behavior.
-Findings: Children who watched an aggressive situation towards that bobo doll then acted in an aggressive way towards it. Children who watched a nonaggressive approach used much less aggression. About 1/3 of the children who observed the aggressive model repeated the aggressive verbal responses, while none of the children who watched the non aggressive model used violent remarks

Question 14

evaluation of SLT

Answer 14

-real-world application (this study has high ecological validity, as it can accurately be applied to real world scenarios and increase our knowledge of why such events occur)
-scientific methods used (Bandura’s procedure can be easily replicated with differing variables, such as the ages of the participants, to obtain a wider range of results and reduce anomalous data skewing the findings)
-improves behaviorist approach (This means that the study can be more accurately applied to humans as animals have been proved to act differently depending on the circumstance.)

Question 15

brain is like a computer

Answer 15

input process output

RAM = short term memory
Hard Drive = Long term memory
Encoding = memorising
Input from peripherals = stimuli

Question 16

schema

Answer 16

A mental plan used to organise and interpret information (we use it to make decisions and to make sense of the world)
Schemas are important as they allow us to take shortcuts when interpreting that large amounts of information we deal with on a daily basis.
They help us to fill the gaps in the absence of full information about a person, event or thing
They also exclude any information that does not conform to our established ideas about the world, instead choosing to focus on things that coincide with our pre-existing beliefs.

Question 17

becks negative triad

Answer 17

negative view on the world

negative view negative views
on self on future

Question 18

evaluation on cognitive approach

Answer 18

-application (This has led to the successful treatment of illnesses such as OCD and depression, demonstrating the positive impact of the research.
-scientific methods used (Cognitive neuroscience uses advanced technology to produce clear, detailed and valid images of the brain, meaning that the results are far more trustworthy than those of non-objective studies which can be affected by both confounding and extraneous variables)
-lacks ecological validity (Although brain scans give valid images of the brain, many studies of cognitive psychology tend to use tasks that have little in common with participants’ everyday experiences. For example, experiments in memory typically use artificial test materials (such as random lists of words) that mean nothing outside of the experimental context)

Question 19

genotype

Answer 19

information in DNA

Question 20

phenotype

Answer 20

traits expressed as a result of gene expression in the environment

Question 21

evaluation of the biological approach

Answer 21

-real world application ( Illustrative of this, it provides clear predictions, for example, about the effects of neurotransmitters and the behaviour of people who are genetically related.)
-scientific methods used (Experimental studies take place in highly controlled environments, meaning that other researchers are able to replicate the results, under the same conditions. This then adds to the validity of the original findings if the same results are obtained)
-reductionist (Criticised for its belief that complex behaviour can be broken down into the action of genes neurochemicals and hormones)

Question 22

free will

Answer 22

All of the other approaches are mostly deterministic → they suggests that your behaviour is a result of external forces
The humanistic approach rejects this - they say we are “active agents” in our own destiny and have the power to determine our own development
Maslow and Rogers pioneered a “person centred” approach to psychology
→ our experiences are more important than general laws because we’re all individuals (they reject the scientific approach)

Question 23

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 23

self actualisation
(acceptance, creativity)
esteem
(confidence, achievement)
love and belonging
(friendship, family, love)
safety
(employment, house)
physiological
(food, water, sleep)

Question 24

congruence

Answer 24

High congruence → high self esteem
Low congruence → low self esteem

Question 25

sets of beliefs

Answer 25

The self concept: beliefs about who you are right now (how others see you)
The ideal self: if you achieved self actualisation (how you want others to see you)

Question 26

evaluation of humanistic approach

Answer 26

-application (Hagerty (1999) looked at the relationship between economic growth and measures of Maslow’s need levels in 88 countries over a 34 year period. He found that countries in the early stages of economic development were characterised by lower level needs.)
-research methods involved (Rogers in particular was an advocate of non-experimental research methods, arguing that the requirements of experimental methods make it impossible to verify the results of counselling. Some studies have shown personal growth as a result of receiving humanistic counselling, but these do not show that the therapy caused the changes.)
-cultural differences ( In a later development of his theory Maslow did acknowledge that, for some people, needs may appear in a different order or may even be absent altogether. For example, a study carried out in China (1983) found that belongingness needs were seen as more fundamental than physiological needs and that self-actualisation was defined more in terms of contributions to the community than in terms of individual development.)

Question 27

unconscious mind

Answer 27

Freud believed that part of your mind
is inaccessible to conscious thought
He called the bits that you cannot
interact with preconscious/ unconscious
He used an iceberg metaphor to
illustrate this idea

Question 28

ID

Answer 28

Present at birth
The fememine drive (pleasure, selfish, fear, anger, lust)

Question 29

Ego

Answer 29

Develops around 2-3 years (anal stage)
Control of the Id (reality, logic, balance, compromise, reason)

Question 30

Superego

Answer 30

Develops around 4-7 years (phallic stage)
The masculine drive (morality, guilt, conscience)

Question 31

defense mechanisms

Answer 31

Repression: the unconscious blocking of unacceptable thoughts and impulses
Denial: the refusal to accept reality so as to avoid having to deal with any painful feelings that may be associated with that event
Displacement: the redirecting of thoughts or feelings (usually hostile) in situations where the person feels unable to express them in the presence of the person they should be directed towards.

Question 32

evaluation of the psychodynamic approach

Answer 32

-real world application (For example, Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation (Bowlby, 1944) is based on Freud’s oral and anal conflicts, where infants should learn to wait for gratification and accept rules-based discipline. The “Critical” and later “sensitive” period concept inspired improved health care significantly.)
-generalisability (The first psychodynamic theorist, Freud, carried out no experiments or studies; instead using notes from his clinical practice, insights from medicine and philosophy, and case studies from colleagues to formulate his theories.)
-scientific support ( Critics of psychoanalysis often claim that there is no scientific evidence for the approach and that its claims are not testable or falsifiable. To contradict this, many of the claims of psychoanalysis have been tested and many of them have been confirmed using scientific methodology.)