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Approaches Flashcards

origins, learning approaches, cognitive approach, biological approach, psychodynamic approach, humanistic approach

1
Q

what is a scientific method?

A

objective, systematic, replicable

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2
Q

what are the issues of calling psychology a science?

A

open to interpretation, subjective, can be taken from case studies

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3
Q

what did wilhelm wundt open?

A

first experimental psychology lab in germany

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4
Q

what is wilhelm wundt considered as?

A

father of psychology

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5
Q

what is wundts approach known as?

A

structuralism

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6
Q

what is structuralism?

A

breaking down behaviour into their basic elements

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7
Q

what is introspection?

A

investigating the human mindw

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8
Q

what are the limitations of introspection?

A

subjective, should use emperical methods

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9
Q

what is classical conditioning?

A

learning by association

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10
Q

what is operant conditioning?

A

learning by trial and error

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11
Q

assumptions about the learning approach behaviourism

A

everything we learn is shaped by process of learning from the environment

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12
Q

what were the 5 key processes of conditioning?

A

unconditioned stimulus, conditioned response, neutral stimulus, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response

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13
Q

what is positive reinforcement?

A

the process of encouraging or establishing a pattern of behaviour by offering rewards when the behaviour is exhibited

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14
Q

what is negative reinforcement?

A

something uncomfortable is taken away in response to a stimulus

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15
Q

what is punishment?

A

Receiving an unpleasant consequence for your behaviour

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16
Q

how was positive reinforcement shown in skinners rats experiment?

A

a food pellet would be dropped into the box when the rat pressed a lever

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17
Q

when was negative reinforcement shown in skinners rats experiment?

A

continuous electric shocks were being sent through the bottom of the box which were removed when the rat pressed a lever

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18
Q

what is vicarious reinforcement?

A

Learning by observing other being rewarded or punished for their behaviour

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19
Q

what are some strengths of vicarious reinforcement?

A

evidence for how phobias may form, standardised procedures, provides evidence for how we can train other beings

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20
Q

what are some limitations of vicarious reinforcement?

A

danger of anthropomorphism (applying findings from animals to humans), humans more likely to chnge queues for researcher

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21
Q

what is social learning theory?

A

learning through indirect observation

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22
Q

what is the bobo doll experiment?

A

children watch adults acting in a violent way towards the bobo doll, children where then put in a room with a bobo doll to see how they reacted to it

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23
Q

what is a directional hypothesis for the bobo doll experiment?

A

children who see a violent display towards the bobo doll will show more violence themselves

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24
Q

what is a non-directional hypothesis for the bobo doll experiment?

A

there will be a significant difference between the violence imitated by the children when the adult is violent or aggressive

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25
Q

what are mediational processes?

A

determine whether the behaviour will actually be imitated?

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26
Q

what are the 4 mediational processes?

A

attention, retention, motor reproduction, motivation

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27
Q

what are strengths of SLT?

A

bobo doll experiment shows that children are more likely to imitate behaviour when they see it rewarded

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28
Q

what can be used to explain the influence of media on behaviour?

A

social learning theory

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29
Q

why is social learning theory more of a complete explanation of human behaviour?

A

it takes into account cognitive factors in learning

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30
Q

where does most of the support for SLT come?

A

lab experiments

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31
Q

what is a limitation of social learning theory?

A

does not take into account the influence of biological factors on behaviour

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32
Q

SLT and abnormality

A

abnormal behaviour could occur and therefore learned and imitated

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33
Q

what is the cognitive approach?

A

thought processes based on experience

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34
Q

what is a schema?

A

packet of information used as a mental representation based on past experiences

35
Q

why can schemas be problematic?

A

could give us an incorrect representation, could vary based on culture or ethnicity, schemas are not ever corrected

36
Q

what is cognition?

A

a mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experiences and senses

37
Q

what is inference? (cognitive psych)

A

reaching a logical conclusion/ assumption on the basis of evidence and reasoning

38
Q

what is reconstructive memory?

A

based on schema, inferences, cognitive processes that fit in our own country

39
Q

what is a theoretical model? (cognitive psych)

A

explains unobservable processes, represented as a diagram

40
Q

what is a computer model? (cognitive psych)

A

useful in development, we can programme computers capable of inteligent human behaviour

41
Q

what is cognitive neuroscience?

A

the study of how the brain enables the mind, how individual neurons operate and communicate

42
Q

what is an fMRI?

A

functional magnetic resonance image

43
Q

what is a PET?

A

position emission tomography

44
Q

how does an fMRI scan work?

A

measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in the blood flow

45
Q

how does a pet scan work?

A

can show how body tissues are working as well as what they look like

46
Q

assumptions of the biological approach?

A

the mind lives in the brain so all thoughts and feelings and behaviour have a physiological basis

47
Q

what are monozygotic twins?

A

one zygote, formed when a fertilised egg splits into two and forms two separate embryos

48
Q

what are dizygotic twins?

A

two zygotes, formed when two separate eggs both become feritlised by different sperm

49
Q

what are the concordance rates?

A

the extent to which a pair of twins share similar traits or characteristics

50
Q

what is evolution?

A

the changes in inherited characteristics in a biological population over successive generations

51
Q

what did charles darwin discover?

A

natural selection and sexual selection

52
Q

what is natural selection?

A

animals with particular traits that provide them with an advantage are more likely to survive and reproduce

53
Q

what is the principle of diversity?

A

variety within a species

54
Q

what is the principle of interaction?

A

how a variety of species adapt and fit in with the environment

55
Q

what is the biological approach?

A

the mind lives in the brain so all thoughts and feelings and feelings have a psychological basis

56
Q

what are adoption studies?

A

involve comparing a trait or characteristic between adopted children and their biological or adoptive parents

57
Q

what is the genotype?

A

actual set of genes, cant be seen

58
Q

what is the phenotype?

A

individual features or observed traits such as physical characteristics which can be influenced by the environment, can be seen

59
Q

what makes up the tripartite model of personality?

A

the id, the ego, the superego

60
Q

what is the id?

A

the unconscious part of personality which demands immediate satisfaction/ pleasure

61
Q

what is the ego?

A

the conscious, rational part of the mind, develops round 2 years old

62
Q

what is the superego?

A

embodies child’s sense of right and wrong as well as sense of self identity

63
Q

what is the egos job?

A

to carry out the reality principle

64
Q

what is the conscious level? (Freuds view)

A

the small amount of mental activity we know about

65
Q

what is the preconscious level? (freuds view)

A

things we could be aware of if we tried to

66
Q

what is the unconscious level? (Freuds view)

A

things we are unaware of and can not become aware of

67
Q

who created the psychodynamic approach?

A

Sigmund Freud

68
Q

what are the stages in Freuds stages of psychosexual development?

A

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

69
Q

what is the oedipus complex?

A

a boys desire to sexually posses his mother and kill his father

70
Q

what is the electra complex?

A

conflict between a desire for their opposite sex parent and resentment between same sex parent, females feel cheated (penis envy)

71
Q

what is the idiographic approach?

A

looks at individual case studies

72
Q

what does Karl Popper suggest?

A

that there’s an issue with the concept of the unconscious mind and we cannot see or test it so how do we know it exists?

73
Q

what are the defence mechanisms?

A

denial, repression, projection, displacement, rejection

74
Q

what is repression?

A

burying the problem into our unconscious,

75
Q

what is displacement?

A

our problems get channelled into something else like eating

76
Q

what is projection?

A

project or own problem behaviour onto someone else

77
Q

what is regression?

A

go back several stages in development

78
Q

what is psychoanalysis?

A

aims to bring repressed fears and conflicts into the conscious mind by techniques such as dream analysis

79
Q

what is the manifest part of a dream?

A

what actually appears in a dream

80
Q

what is the latent part of a dream?

A

the real meaning behind the dream

81
Q

who did dream analysis?

82
Q

strengths of dream analysis?

A

could help explain trauma, recent research, use of human subjects

83
Q

limitations of dream analysis?

A

cant prove the conscious mind is real, ethical concerns, theory is unfalsifiable

psych (4 decks)

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