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Approaches Flashcards

origins, learning approaches, cognitive approach, biological approach, psychodynamic approach, humanistic approach

1
Q

what is a scientific method?

A

objective, systematic, replicable

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2
Q

what are the issues of calling psychology a science?

A

open to interpretation, subjective, can be taken from case studies

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3
Q

what did wilhelm wundt open?

A

first experimental psychology lab in germany

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4
Q

what is wilhelm wundt considered as?

A

father of psychology

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5
Q

what is wundts approach known as?

A

structuralism

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6
Q

what is structuralism?

A

breaking down behaviour into their basic elements

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7
Q

what is introspection?

A

investigating the human mindw

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8
Q

what are the limitations of introspection?

A

subjective, should use emperical methods

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9
Q

what is classical conditioning?

A

learning by association

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10
Q

what is operant conditioning?

A

learning by trial and error

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11
Q

assumptions about the learning approach behaviourism

A

everything we learn is shaped by process of learning from the environment

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12
Q

what were the 5 key processes of conditioning?

A

unconditioned stimulus, conditioned response, neutral stimulus, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response

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13
Q

what is positive reinforcement?

A

the process of encouraging or establishing a pattern of behaviour by offering rewards when the behaviour is exhibited

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14
Q

what is negative reinforcement?

A

something uncomfortable is taken away in response to a stimulus

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15
Q

what is punishment?

A

Receiving an unpleasant consequence for your behaviour

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16
Q

how was positive reinforcement shown in skinners rats experiment?

A

a food pellet would be dropped into the box when the rat pressed a lever

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17
Q

when was negative reinforcement shown in skinners rats experiment?

A

continuous electric shocks were being sent through the bottom of the box which were removed when the rat pressed a lever

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18
Q

what is vicarious reinforcement?

A

Learning by observing other being rewarded or punished for their behaviour

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19
Q

what are some strengths of vicarious reinforcement?

A

evidence for how phobias may form, standardised procedures, provides evidence for how we can train other beings

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20
Q

what are some limitations of vicarious reinforcement?

A

danger of anthropomorphism (applying findings from animals to humans), humans more likely to chnge queues for researcher

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21
Q

what is social learning theory?

A

learning through indirect observation

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22
Q

what is the bobo doll experiment?

A

children watch adults acting in a violent way towards the bobo doll, children where then put in a room with a bobo doll to see how they reacted to it

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23
Q

what is a directional hypothesis for the bobo doll experiment?

A

children who see a violent display towards the bobo doll will show more violence themselves

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24
Q

what is a non-directional hypothesis for the bobo doll experiment?

A

there will be a significant difference between the violence imitated by the children when the adult is violent or aggressive

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25
what are mediational processes?
determine whether the behaviour will actually be imitated?
26
what are the 4 mediational processes?
attention, retention, motor reproduction, motivation
27
what are strengths of SLT?
bobo doll experiment shows that children are more likely to imitate behaviour when they see it rewarded
28
what can be used to explain the influence of media on behaviour?
social learning theory
29
why is social learning theory more of a complete explanation of human behaviour?
it takes into account cognitive factors in learning
30
where does most of the support for SLT come?
lab experiments
31
what is a limitation of social learning theory?
does not take into account the influence of biological factors on behaviour
32
SLT and abnormality
abnormal behaviour could occur and therefore learned and imitated
33
what is the cognitive approach?
thought processes based on experience
34
what is a schema?
packet of information used as a mental representation based on past experiences
35
why can schemas be problematic?
could give us an incorrect representation, could vary based on culture or ethnicity, schemas are not ever corrected
36
what is cognition?
a mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experiences and senses
37
what is inference? (cognitive psych)
reaching a logical conclusion/ assumption on the basis of evidence and reasoning
38
what is reconstructive memory?
based on schema, inferences, cognitive processes that fit in our own country
39
what is a theoretical model? (cognitive psych)
explains unobservable processes, represented as a diagram
40
what is a computer model? (cognitive psych)
useful in development, we can programme computers capable of inteligent human behaviour
41
what is cognitive neuroscience?
the study of how the brain enables the mind, how individual neurons operate and communicate
42
what is an fMRI?
functional magnetic resonance image
43
what is a PET?
position emission tomography
44
how does an fMRI scan work?
measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in the blood flow
45
how does a pet scan work?
can show how body tissues are working as well as what they look like
46
assumptions of the biological approach?
the mind lives in the brain so all thoughts and feelings and behaviour have a physiological basis
47
what are monozygotic twins?
one zygote, formed when a fertilised egg splits into two and forms two separate embryos
48
what are dizygotic twins?
two zygotes, formed when two separate eggs both become feritlised by different sperm
49
what are the concordance rates?
the extent to which a pair of twins share similar traits or characteristics
50
what is evolution?
the changes in inherited characteristics in a biological population over successive generations
51
what did charles darwin discover?
natural selection and sexual selection
52
what is natural selection?
animals with particular traits that provide them with an advantage are more likely to survive and reproduce
53
what is the principle of diversity?
variety within a species
54
what is the principle of interaction?
how a variety of species adapt and fit in with the environment
55
what is the biological approach?
the mind lives in the brain so all thoughts and feelings and feelings have a psychological basis
56
what are adoption studies?
involve comparing a trait or characteristic between adopted children and their biological or adoptive parents
57
what is the genotype?
actual set of genes, cant be seen
58
what is the phenotype?
individual features or observed traits such as physical characteristics which can be influenced by the environment, can be seen
59
what makes up the tripartite model of personality?
the id, the ego, the superego
60
what is the id?
the unconscious part of personality which demands immediate satisfaction/ pleasure
61
what is the ego?
the conscious, rational part of the mind, develops round 2 years old
62
what is the superego?
embodies child's sense of right and wrong as well as sense of self identity
63
what is the egos job?
to carry out the reality principle
64
what is the conscious level? (Freuds view)
the small amount of mental activity we know about
65
what is the preconscious level? (freuds view)
things we could be aware of if we tried to
66
what is the unconscious level? (Freuds view)
things we are unaware of and can not become aware of
67
who created the psychodynamic approach?
Sigmund Freud
68
what are the stages in Freuds stages of psychosexual development?
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
69
what is the oedipus complex?
a boys desire to sexually posses his mother and kill his father
70
what is the electra complex?
conflict between a desire for their opposite sex parent and resentment between same sex parent, females feel cheated (penis envy)
71
what is the idiographic approach?
looks at individual case studies
72
what does Karl Popper suggest?
that there's an issue with the concept of the unconscious mind and we cannot see or test it so how do we know it exists?
73
what are the defence mechanisms?
denial, repression, projection, displacement, rejection
74
what is repression?
burying the problem into our unconscious,
75
what is displacement?
our problems get channelled into something else like eating
76
what is projection?
project or own problem behaviour onto someone else
77
what is regression?
go back several stages in development
78
what is psychoanalysis?
aims to bring repressed fears and conflicts into the conscious mind by techniques such as dream analysis
79
what is the manifest part of a dream?
what actually appears in a dream
80
what is the latent part of a dream?
the real meaning behind the dream
81
who did dream analysis?
solms
82
strengths of dream analysis?
could help explain trauma, recent research, use of human subjects
83
limitations of dream analysis?
cant prove the conscious mind is real, ethical concerns, theory is unfalsifiable

psych (4 decks)

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