Approaches Flashcards
Behaviourist Approach
A01
Study things that are observable and measureable
* Behaviour is learned
* Learning is the same for all species
* Classical conditioning
* Operant conditioning
Behaviourist Approach
A03
- RWA - treatments for phobias
- RWA - token economies
- Speed of associations
- Skinner’s boxes
- Pavlov and Little Albert
Behaviourist
Conditioning Timing
A01
too long between NS and US means no conditioning
Behaviourist
Extinction
A01
If over time, the conditioned response stops happening the association may cease
Behaviourist
Spontaneous Recovery
A01
If the CS and the UCS are linked again after extinction, the association happens faster
Behaviourist
Stimulus Generalisation
A01
Once conditioned, similar stimuli will ellict the same response
Humanistic Approach
A01
Asks how people grow and develop into their best selves
* Self actualisation
* The self
* Treatments
Humanistic
Self Actualisation
A01
Becoming the best you you can be
Ideal self = self concept
Top of Mazlow’s hierarchy
Humanistic
The Self
A01
Self concept is who you feel you are
Ideal self is who you want to be
Incongruence is when these are different
Humanistic
Treatments
A01
Unconditional positive regard for self esteem issues
Client centred therapy focusses on reducing incongruence
Humanistic
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
A01
- Self actualisation
- Esteem
- Love and Belonging
- Safety needs
- Physiological needs
Humanistic Approach
A03
- Culture bias
- CC therapy suitable for self esteem issues
- Deficiency needs met = better at academics
Wundt
A01
Father of psychology
Moved away from philosophy to the scientific method
Identify stucture of the mind by breaking behaviours into elements
Structuraliusm
Introspection
A01
Where a person examines their own thoughts and feelings caused by certain stimuli
Wundt trained his students to be objective
Made a standardised procedure
Wundt and Introspection
A03
- Scientific
- Accuracy of self report
- Implicit association (have no conscious knowledge of it)
- Positive contributions
Social Learning Theory
Mediational Processes
A01
- Attention
- Retention
- Reproduction
- Motivation
Social Learning Theory
A01
Learning indirectly via imitation of role models
* real or symbolic
Identification
* the extent to which an individual relates to a model
* more similar = same outcomes
Social Learning Theory
A03
- Bandura
- Boys vs Girls in Bandura (biology?)
- Positive TV programs study
- Violent TV programs study
Cognitive Approach
A01
- Schema
- Theoretical models
- Computer models
Processes studied indirectly using inferences
Cognitive neuroscience uses computers
Cognitive
Schemas
A01
Cognitive framework that helps us to organise and interpret information
Cognitive Approach
A03
- RWA - CBT
- Office and schema
- artificial studies
Psychodynamic Approach
A01
- Unconscious
- Personality
- Defense mechanisms
- Psychosexual stages
Psychodynamic
Psychosexual Stages
A01
- Oral
- Anal
- Phallic
- Latency
- Genital
Psychodynamic Approach
A03
- Case studies
- Unfalsifiable
- RWA - talking therapies
- Women - alpha bias
Biological Approach
A01
Everything psychological is first biological
* Genetic similarity
* Concordance rates
* Genotype vs phenotype
* Natural Selection
* Neural and neurochemical
Biological Approach
A03
- RWA - treatments
- Scientific
- Biological determinism
- Biological reductionism
Biological
Genotype vs Phenotype
A01
Genotype
* a person’s genes
Phenotype
* a person’s characteristics
* controlled by genes and environment
Psychodynamic
Role of the Unconscious
A01
Conscious
* current processing
Preconscious
* could become conscious
Unconcious
* everything outside of conscious awareness
Psychodynamic
Personality
A01
Id
* pleasure principle
* innate
Super ego
* morality principle
* comes from socialisation
Ego
* reality principle
* balances id and super ego
Psychodynamic
Defence Mechanisms
A01
Repression
* forcing distressing thought into unconscious
Denial
* refusing to acknowledge some aspect of reality
Displacement
* transfering feelings to a substitute target
