Approaches

Question 1

The Social Leaning Theory

Answer 1

Suggested by Bandura first. The idea that behavior occurs because of vicarious reinforcement and cognition. Children observe someone they want to identify with, a role model. They try to imitate their behavior, if its rewarded or non-rewarded depends on if child carries out that act.

Question 2

Mediational process (SLT)

Answer 2

The mediational process is in 4 stages
-Attention- Noticing a behaviour
-Retention- If that behaviour has received a positive or negative response
-Motor Reproduction- How well the act can be imitated
-Motivation- Reperform behaviour and to evaluate whether it was rewarded or not.
Self eifficeny- must believe can carry out action and attain goal.

Question 3

Identification

Answer 3

Is when someone adopts an attitude or behavior in order to associate with role model.

Question 4

Bandura Doll

Answer 4

Bobo doll experiment was when children became aggressive because they modeled the adults behavior. Whether behaviour is copied depends on the consequences that followed

Question 5

Humanistic Theory

Answer 5

Assumes that behavior is a result of human consciousness and the fact that an individuals self concept, allows them to grow to their ideal self.

Question 6

Congruence

Answer 6

When a persons ideal self and actual self are in balance, if the difference between the ideal self and the actual self is large, this creates a state of incongruence, and self actualiation cannot be reached

Question 7

Name the 4 deficiency states

Answer 7

Physiological, safety, relationships, self esteem

Question 8

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 8

Is the idea that humans have an innate tendency to reach their full potential, (self actualization) when the individual feels that they have reached this potential, growth state

Question 9

Conditions of Worth

Answer 9

Unconditional positive regard- rewarded no matter what behavior, conditional positive regard- rewarded only when a specific behavior is displayed.

Question 10

People Centered Therapy

Answer 10

Rogers- treats the client as a person, not to be manipulated and directed, the therapist adopts a listening stance, the client directs the therapy. The therapist gifts the client an unconditional positive regard meaning that the client gains empathy no matter what they say and this thus c=helps them accept themselves

Question 11

The cognitive Approach

Answer 11

Internal mental processes can and should be studied scientifically. Attention, memory, perception and thinking. These processes are private, so have to be studied via inferences (process of drawing conclusions based on observed behavior)

Question 12

Theoretical and computer models

Answer 12

Theoretical- diagrams that aim to represent internal processes. Computer Models- Simulations of mental processes- assist with research and testing of a hypothesis

Question 13

The Role Of the Schema

Answer 13

Cognitive frameworks that help us to interpret and develop information coming from the environment and allowing us to build beliefs and expectations. Motor schema- innate, grabbing, sucking etc… developed through environment and help us to respond to situations. Process and catalogue information based on stereotypes and assumptions, and expectations.

Question 14

The emergence of cognitive neuroscience

Answer 14

Scientific study of the influence of brain structures/mental processes
New technology such as FMRs and PET scans
Broca-damage to frontal lobe- can damage speech production
Tulving- research on memory and how episodic and semantic, opposite sides of pre- frontal cortex,
Development of OCD parahippocampal gyrus- processing unpleasant emotions

Question 15

Biological Approach

Answer 15

Assumes behavior is caused by biological factors.
Neurotransmitters- proven correlation between low serotonin levels and psychological disorders such as OCD and depression.
-Evolution- Darwin’s theory of natural selection, that the fittest reproduce to pass on advantageous genes to their offspring.
-Genotype- A person’s full genetic makeup
-Phenotype- observable characteristic determined by the environment

Question 16

Wundt psychology

Answer 16

-Known as the ‘father of psychology’
-Separated psychology and philosophy
-Separates consciousness into basic structures such as thoughts, feeling and perception- called introspection
-Structuralism- Same order, same instructions

Question 17

Social Learning Theory Strengths

Answer 17

Social Learning Theory empathizes the importance of cognitive factors in learning. Neither operant or classical conditioning can account for behavior’s on its own- behavior would be dangerous if that was the case
Another strength is can be applied to many real life scenarios. Explanation to cultural differences, media and secondary socialization.

Question 18

Social learning Theory weaknesses

Answer 18

Lab experiment- Respond to demand characteristics, the main purpose of the doll was to strike it, they were behaving in a way that they thought was expected.
-Ignores biological explanations, mirror neurons, fire, empathy- biological influences are underemphasized

Question 19

The cognitive approach Strengths

Answer 19

-The cognitive approach uses objective scientific methods, such as brain scans, fMRIs in cognitive neuroscience.
-It has practical application- CBT has been a successful therapy, which aims to challenge irrational thoughts. Also improving eyewitness testimony

Question 20

The cognitive approach weaknesses

Answer 20

-Cognitive psychology relies on the influence of mental processes, can only be measured artificially- too abstract, for example, Baddeley’s word lists in memory were artificial and had no real meaning, lacks external validity.