Approaches Flashcards
(27 cards)
What are the 4 goals of psychology
Description
Explanation
Prediction
Change
What is a stimulus
Anything internal or external that brings about a response
What is response
Any reaction in the presence of the stimulus
What is reinforcement
The process by which a response is strengthened
What is unconditioned stimulus
The stimulus that causes the reflex response before conditioning. It is the stimulus that naturally produces the response
What is conditioned stimulus
The stimulus which after repeated pairings with the unconditioned stimulus produces the response
Unconditioned response
The innate reflexive response to a stimulus that has not been conditioned
What is conditioned response
The response that occurs after exposure to the conditioned stimulus
What did Pavlov establish
Unconditioned stimulus (food) = conditioned response (saliva)
Introspection
Looking at behaviour using sensations and perceptions
What is operate conditioning
Claimed that all behaviour is learned as a result of consequences in our environment
What does positive reinforcement do
Increases the likelihood of a response occurring because it involves a reward for the behaviour
What is negative reinforcement
Increases the likelihood of a response occurring because it involves the removal of , escaping from, unpleasant consequences
What’s an example of positive reinforcement
A dog gets a treat for returning when called
What’s an example of negative reinforcement
Leads to stopping or avoiding an electric shock
What’s an example of token economy systems
Prisons and psychiatric hospitals
What is environmental determinism
All behaviours are determined by past experiences that have been conditioned
What is motor reproduction
The individual replicates the behaviour shown by the model
What is the cognitive approach
How our mental processes affect behaviour
What is the reductionist approach
When inferences are made about what is going on inside peoples mind, based on their behaviour
What are the three different types of schemas
Role
Event
Self
What is role schemas
These are ideas about the behaviour which is expected from someone in a certain role , setting or situation
What are event schemas
Theses are called scripts. They contain information about what happens in a situation
What are self schemas
These contain information about ourselves based on physical characteristics and personality as well as beliefs and values. They can affect how you act
