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Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the behaviourism in the learning approach?

A

A way of explaining behaviour in terms of what is observable and in terms of learning.

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2
Q

What are the main terms used in the behaviourism in the learning approach?

A

Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Reinforcement

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3
Q

What is Social Learning Theory in the learning approach?

A

A way of explaining behaviour that includes both direct and indirect reinforcement, combining learning theory with the role of cognitive factors.

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4
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement?

A

Indirect learning taking place when an individual observes the behaviour of others.

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5
Q

What is identification?

A

When an observer associates themselves with a role model and wants to be like the role model.

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6
Q

What is modelling?

A

Imitating the behaviour of a role model.

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7
Q

What are mediational processes?

A

Cognitive factors that influence learning and come between stimulus and response.

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8
Q

What were the mediational processes identified by Bandura?

A
  1. Attention - extent to which we notice certain behaviours
  2. Retention - How well the behaviour is remembered
  3. Motor reproduction - the ability of the observer to perform the behaviour
  4. Motivation - the will to perform the behaviour, which is often determined by whether the behaviour was rewarded or punished
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9
Q

What happened in Bandura’s study of Social Learning Theory?

A

Bandura recorded the behaviour of young children who watched an adult behave in an aggressive way towards a Bobo doll. The adult hit the doll with a hammer and shouted abuse at it. When these children were later observed playing with various toys, they behaved much more aggressively towards the doll and other toys than those who observed a non-aggressive adult.

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10
Q

What are the assumptions of the humanistic approach?

A

We all have free will.

Personal growth is a desirable goal for all people.

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11
Q

What are the stages of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

A 
Self-actualisation
    Esteem
      Love/belonging
        Safety
          Physiological
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12
Q

What are examples of physiological needs in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

A 
Breathing
Food
Water
Reproductive sex
Sleep
Homeostasis
Excretion
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13
Q

What are examples of safety needs in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

A 
Security of body
Security of employment
Security of resources
Security of morality
Security of the family
Security of health
Security of property
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14
Q

What are examples of love/belonging needs in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

A

Friendship
Family
Sexual intimacy

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15
Q

What are examples of esteem needs in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

A 
Self-esteem
Confidence
Achievement
Respect of others
Respect by others
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16
Q

What are examples of self-actualisation needs in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

A 
Morality
Creativity
Spontaneity
Problem solving
Lack of prejudice
Acceptance of facts
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17
Q

What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs in the Humanistic approach?

A

Maslow believed humans are motivated by needs beyond those of basic biological survival.
Fundamental to human nature is the desire to grow and develop to achieve our full potential - referred to as self-actualisation.
All four lower levels of the hierarchy must be met before an individual can work towards self-actualisation.
All of the levels are referred to as deficiency needs; apart from self-actualisation which is a growth need.

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18
Q

What is the concept of self?

A

The way you see yourself.

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19
Q

What is the ideal self?

A

The person you want yourself to be.

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20
Q

What is congruence?

A

When the self-concept and ideal self are seen to match or be similar.

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21
Q

What is unconditional positive regard?

A

Providing affection and respect without any requirements.

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22
Q

What are conditions of worth?

A

When a parent places limits or boundaries on their love for their children.

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23
Q

How might praise lead to a child feeling they don’t have unconditional positive regard from their parent?

A

If the praise seems based on a particular behaviour, then it may be implied that without the behaviour the child won’t be loved.

24
Q

What is in involved in Rogers’ client-centred therapy in the humanistic approach?

A

The therapist provides genuineness, empathy and the unconditional positive regard that may have been missing in the client’s childhood.
The client is encouraged to develop positive self-regard and reduce the gap between their perceived self and ideal self (achieve congruence).

25
Q

What is Q-SORT in the humanistic approach?

A

A series of personal statements which allow degree of congruence to be measured.
The person rates from 1-7 how well the statements fit their perceived self, and then their ideal self.
Congruence can be measured by comparing the two overall ratings before, during and after therapy to show progress.

26
Q

What are the strengths of the humanistic approach?

A

It emphasises choice - people are empowered to make positive changes in their own life. It may encourage a more internal locus of control and people taking responsibility for their lives.
It is holistic - it studies the whole person in their wider social context, this can provide a fuller and therefore more valid picture.
It has contributed to psychological theories and has been shown to be effective in the treatment of some disorders such as depression and stress.
Has applications for client-centred therapy. Q-SORT allows progress to be measured and is more objective than a purely talking therapy.

27
Q

What are the limitations of the humanistic approach?

A

Not scientific - psychology is seen as a science.

Untestable concepts can’t be empirically observed therefore the approach can never be scientific.

Cultural bias - psychology aims to be universal but it can’t be if it is culturally bias and can’t be valid to apply the theory to people from collectivist cultures.

Applications may not be suitable for everyone. People with schizophrenia cannot benefit from therapy. Therapy is collaborative and people wouldn’t cooperate enough to benefit or even trust their therapist. So it’s limited and can’t be used for everyone.

28
Q

What is the cognitive approach?

A

Focuses on how our mental processes affect behaviour.

29
Q

What are internal mental processes?

A

Private operations of the mind such as perception and attention that mediate between stimulus and response.

30
Q

What are schemas?

A

A mental framework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing. They are developed from experience.

31
Q

What is inference?

A

The process whereby cognitive psychologists draw conclusions about the way mental processes operate on the basis of observed behaviour.

32
Q

What are the assumptions of the cognitive approach?

A

Internal mental processes should be studied scientifically.
Processes such as memory, perception and thinking are private and cannot be observed. Cognitive psychologists study them indirectly by making inferences about what is going on inside people’s minds on the basis of their behaviour.

33
Q

What are theoretical and computer models used in the cognitive approach?

A

Psychologists use these models to help them understand internal mental processes.
One important theoretical model is the information processing approach which suggests that information flows through the cognitive system in a sequence of stages as in the multi-store model.
This information processing approach is based on the way that computers function but a computer model would involve actually programming a computer to see if such instructions produce similar output to humans.

34
Q

What are the strengths of the cognitive approach?

A

It uses scientific and objective methods - lab experiments that produce reliable, objective data.

35
Q

What are the limitations of the cognitive approach?

A

Computer and theoretical models lack the complexity of the human mind.
Cognitive psychologists are only able to infer mental processes from the behaviour they observe, which may result in it being too abstract and theoretical in nature.
Studies of mental processes are often carried out using artificial stimuli that may not represent everyday memory experience. Therefore research on cognitive processes may lack external validity.

36
Q

What are the assumptions of the biological approach?

A

Suggests that everything psychological is at first biological so to fully understand human behaviour, we must look to biological structures and processes within the body.

37
Q

How are twin studies used to explain genetic basis of behaviour?

A

If identical (monozygotic) twins are found to have higher concordance rates than non-identical (dizygotic) twins for certain traits, this would suggest a genetic basis. This is because MZ twins share 100% of each other’s genes, whilst DZ twins share about 50%.

38
Q

What is the difference between a genotype and a phenotype?

A

A person’s genotype is their actual genetic make-up, whereas phenotype is the way that genes are expressed determined by both genes and the environment.

39
Q

What are the strengths of the biological approach?

A

Scientific methods of investigation - including MRIs, family and twin studies and drug trials. With advances in technology, it is possible to accurately measure biological processes in ways that are not open to bias.

Real-life application - by understanding processes in the brain, mental illnesses such as depression can sometimes be treated using drugs. This means that sufferers are able to manage their condition and live a relatively normal life.

40
Q

What is a limitation of the biological approach?

A

It claims to have discovered causes where only an association exists. Studies show a particular drug reduces symptoms of a mental disorder and thus it is assumed that the neurochemical in the drug causes the disorder. Discovering an association between two factors does not mean that one is a cause.

41
Q

What is the psychodynamic approach?

A

Focuses on the different forces, most of which are unconscious, that operate on the mind and direct human behaviour and experience.

42
Q

What is id?

A

Entirely unconscious, the id is made up of selfish aggressive instincts that demand immediate gratification.

43
Q

What is ego?

A

Balances the conflicting demands of the id and the superego.

44
Q

What is superego?

A

The moralistic part of our personality which represents the ideal self.

45
Q

What is the unconsious?

A

The part of the mind that we are unaware of but which continues to direct much of our behaviour.

46
Q

What are defence mechanisms?

A

Unconscious strategies that the ego uses to manage the conflict between the id and the superego.

47
Q

What are psychosexual stages?

A

According to Freud, five developmental stages that all children pass through. At most stages there is a specific conflict, the outcome of which determines future development.

48
Q

What is repression?

A

Forcing a distressing memory out of the conscious mind.

49
Q

What is denial?

A

Refusing to acknowledge some aspect of reality.

50
Q

What is displacement?

A

Transferring feelings from true source of distressing emotion onto a substitute target.

51
Q

What are the 5 psychosexual stages?

A
  • Oral (0-1 years)
  • Anal (1-3 years)
  • Phallic (3-5 years)
  • Latency
  • Genital
52
Q

What is the consequence of the unsolved conflict in the oral stage?

A

Oral fixation - smoking, biting nails, sarcastic, critical.

53
Q

What is the consequence of the unsolved conflict in the anal stage?

A

Anal retentive - perfectionist, obsessive

Anal expulsive - thoughtless, messy

54
Q

What is the consequence of the unsolved conflict in the phallic stage?

A

Phallic personality - narcissistic, reckless, possibly homosexual

55
Q

What is the consequence of the unsolved conflict in the genital stage?

A

Difficulty forming heterosexual relationships.

Psychology (17 decks)

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