Approach(s)

Question 1

Classical Conditioning (Pavlov) (P&F)

Answer 1

• Learning through Association
• Dogs were presents with unconditioned stimulus (food)
• Lead to unconditioned response (salivation)
• The bell was the neutral stimulus and was sounded before giving the dogs food.
• Bell became the conditioned stimulus triggering the conditioned response of salivation to the bell.
• The dogs associated the bell with food causing them to salivate.

Question 2

Classical Conditioning (Pavlov) Evaluation

Answer 2

• Real life application (school and therapy
• Objective scientific method
• Strongly deterministic (all behaviour learnt from environment)
• Reductionist (limits to stimulus response bond)
• Ethical issues (used to control humans)
• Animal studies can’t be applied to humans
• Nurture (learnt from enviroment)
• Nomothetic (laws of conditioning)

Question 3

Operant Conditioning (Skinner 1953) (P&F)

Answer 3

• Learning is an active process through experiencing environmental consequences
• Rats in the cage pressed a leaver to release food pellet (Positive reinforcement)
• Positive reinforcement increases likelihood to repeat the behaviour
• The rats experienced an electric shock that was stopped by pressing a lever (Negative reinforcement)
• Negative reinforcement increases likelihood to repeat the behaviour

Question 4

Operant Conditioning (Skinner 1953) Evaluation

Answer 4

• Real life application (school and therapy
• Objective scientific method
• Strongly deterministic (all behaviour learnt from environment)
• Reductionist (limits to stimulus response bond)
• Ethical issues (used to control humans)
• Animal studies can’t be applied to humans
• Nurture (learnt from enviroment)
• Nomothetic (laws of conditioning)

Question 5

SLT – Bobo Doll Experiment (Bandura 1961) (P&F)

Answer 5

• Laboratory experiment
• 36 boy and 36 girls ages 3-6
• Group 1: 12 boys and 12 girls observed aggressive model (with a hammer and shouting at doll)
• Group 2: 12 boys and 12 girls observed non-aggressive model
• Group 3: 12 boys and 12 girls (control group) not shown model
• The children were placed in a room with the bobo doll which contained both aggressive toys (pistol) and non-aggressive toys (farm animals)
• Children in Group 1 were more aggressive than children in the other group
• Boys were more physically aggressive than girls with no differences in verbal aggression

Question 6

SLT – Bobo Doll Experiment (Bandura 1961) Evaluation

Answer 6

• Low ecological validity
• Lack of population validity
• Young children lack moral values (older children might have not imitated model)
• Demand Characteristics caused by unfamiliar enviroment
• Standardised procedure
• Easy to replicate
• Other factors eg. Biological (testosterone)
• Media’s influence on violent behaviour
• Soft determinism (there is choice for imitating a behaviour)
• Nurture (behaviour learnt from role models)
• Nomethetic (laws of conditioning)