Apportionment Flashcards
Apportionment in the Philippines was described where?
1987 Constitution - (Article VI, Section 5).
Article VI, Section 5
- Congressmen must be apportioned among the central districts according to their respective numbers
- The number of representatives each area sends to congress should be based on its population
Apportionment in the Philippines
Determines the number of the House of Representatives according to the proportion of the population of areas to the population of the Philippines.
Apportionment
Dividing items between groups according to some plan, especially to make proportionate distribution in a fair manner.
States
Parties having a stake in the apportionment.
Seats
Indivisible objects that are divided among n states.
Population
Set of n positive numbers that are used as the basis for the apportionment of the seats to the states.
d
Standard divisor.
Standard divisor
Ratio of the total population to the total number of seats to be allocated.
q
Standard quota.
Standard quota
Ratio of a state’s population to the standard divisor.
Lower quota
q rounded down to the nearest whole number.
Upper quota
q rounded up to the nearest whole number.
Apportionment methods are a _ procedure that guarantees a _ of the seats to the _ using some formula that is based on the state’s _.
systematic, division, states, population
The 6 apportionment methods
- Hamilton’s
- Jefferson’s
- Adams’
- Webster’s
- Huntington-Hill’s
- Lowndes’
Hamilton’s method was proposed by _ _ , in _ to apportion the US House of _.
Alexander Hamilton, 1792, Representatives
First apportionment method approved in the USA Congress
Hamilton’s.
Hamilton’s was vetoed by President _ _ in _.
George Washington, 1792
Methods that favour larger states
- Hamilton’s
- Jefferson’s
Methods that favour smaller states
- Adams’
- Webster’s
- Huntington-Hill’s
- Lowndes’
Steps in Hamilton’s
- Calculate d
- Calculate q
- Add lower quotas
- Assign remaining seats according to decimal part that is largest to smallest until the desired number is reached
Jefferson’s method was proposed by _ _ in US _ from _ to _.
Thomas Jefferson, Congress, 1792, 1840
Steps in Jefferson’s
- Calculate d
- Calculate q
- Add lower quotas
- Reduce d and repeat #2 and 3 until the total in #3 is equal to the total number of representatives
dm
Modified/adjusted divisor.
Adams’ method was proposed by _ _ _.
John Quincy Adams
Adams’ used a…
dm > d, and rounded up his quotas.
Steps in Adams’
- Calculate upper quotas using d
- Add upper quotas, and if the sum of the upper quotas is equal to the total number of seats to be apported, the apportionment is complete. Otherwise, proceed to the next step
- Choose a dm > d and calculate qm and upper qm
- If the sum of the upper qm in #3 is still not equal to the total number of seats to be apportioned, find a dm to reach desired number
Webster’s method was proposed by _ _.
Daniel Webster
Webster’s rounds…
off the quotas to the nearest whole number.
Steps in Webster’s
- Calculate d
- Calculate q
- Round off and add the whole numbers
- Increase d and repeat #2-3 (if sum from # 3 > desired number of seats), or decrease d and repeat #2-3 (if sum from #3 < desired number of seats)
Hutington-Hill’s method was proposed by _ _ and _ _.
Edward Huntington, Joseph Hill
Huntington-Hill’s is similar to Webster’s method, but attempts to…
minimize the percent differences of how many people each representative will represent.
Lowndes’ method was proposed by _ _.
William Lowndes
Steps in Huntington-Hill’s
- Calculate d
- Calculate q
- Get lower quota and geometric mean
- Round up q if > geometric mean; round down q if < geometric mean
- Adjust d. Repeat #2-4
Lowndes’ divides decimal part of…
each state’s quota by the whole number part when deciding where remaining representatives go.
Steps in Lowndes’
- Calculate d
- Calculate q
- Add lower quotas
- Assign remaining seats according to ratio (largest to smallest, one each) until desired number is reached
Formula for ratio
ratio = decimal part/whole number.
Formula for d
d = total population/total number of seats.
Formula for q
q = state’s population/d.
