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EBP > Apply Lecture 2/5 > Flashcards

Apply Lecture 2/5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is critical appraisal?

A

Systemic review to determine:

  • quality
  • trustworthiness
  • relevance
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2
Q

What are the 5 parts of a research article?

A 
Abstract
Background/Rationale/Intro/Hypothesis
Methods
Results
Discussion
References, acknowledgements, conflicts of interest
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3
Q

What does an abstract include?

A 
context
purpose
procedures
main findings
conclusions
new aspects
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4
Q

What is included in the Methods?

A 
State IRB approval
state informed consent
answer info about PICO components
describe study design
sample size estimate (determined ahead of study)
describe statistical analysis used
randomization method
allocation concealed
masking or blinding
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5
Q

What do the results include?

A

How precise is the estimate of the treatment effect?

Validity

Generalizability of results

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6
Q

how do we determine how precise is the estimate of the treatment effect?

A

confidence intervals

do CI’s include values that indicate no difference in the treatment effect

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7
Q

What is validity?/why do we care about it?

A

likely influence of chance

bias or confounding variable

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8
Q

what is included in the results

A

tables and charts
actual data values
means and medians
percentages

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9
Q

what is usually in Table 1 of a study?

A

key characteristics of participants to compare groups

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10
Q

what are confidence interval and p value used for?

A

applying to measures of associations observed

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11
Q

how do we obtain P value?

A

through significance or hypothesis testing

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12
Q

what is in the discussion?

A

context of the study
implications of results on health or condition and intervention involved
study limitations
honest and frank discussion

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13
Q

what are the 8 Bradford Hill’s Criteria of Causality?

A
  1. Strength of Association: ​
    - Risk difference of absolute risk reduction​
    - Relative risk​
    - Odds ratio​
  2. Consistency of an Observed Association​
    - Repeated observation in different populations in different circumstances​
  3. Specificity of Association (cause leads to a single effect)​
  4. Temporal Sequence (can be long time)​
  5. Dose-response relationship (ex. “pack years”)​
  6. Biological Plausibility (ex. HIV increased risk of AIDS)​
  7. Experimental evidence (remove factor to see if decreased)​
  8. Analogy (ex. If one virus can cause disease, 2nd may cause similar disease)​
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14
Q

what is internal validity?

A

was the research done “right”?

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15
Q

what is external validity?

A

does the same thing happen in other settings…. other labs…. real life?

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16
Q

what is CONSORT stand for?

A

consolidated standards for reporting trials

17
Q

what does CONSORT do?

A

shows how participats move along in a study, and if there are drop outs

18
Q

what are some measures of variability?

A

standard deviation
variance
standard error of the mean

19
Q

what is effect size?

A

quantifies the difference between groups

20
Q

how do you calculate effect size?

A

mean difference/pooled standard deviation

21
Q

is .20 a large, medium or small effect size?

A

small

22
Q

is .50 a small medium or large effect size?

A

medium

23
Q

is .8 a small medium or large effect size?

A

large

24
Q

if you are confused about effect size…. watch this video

A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6uYNVCy-8NA

25
Q

what is a correlation?

A

measures the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables

26
Q

is correlation an indicator of cause and effect?

A

no

27
Q

what does a correlation coefficient of 0 mean?

A

no relationship

28
Q

what does a correlation coefficient of +1 mean

A

positive linear relationship. as you increase one, the other increase

29
Q

what does a correlation coefficient of -1 mean?

A

negative linear relationship. as you increase one, the other decreases.

30
Q

what is the strength of the correlation?

A

r value

31
Q

what is a good r value?

A

as close to 1 as possible.

32
Q

what is considered a good correlation (r value?)

A

.7 and closer to 1

33
Q

what is regression

A

given a moderately strong correlation, Y can be predicted given X.

A regression equation is found using the slope and y intercept.

AKA… y=mx+b

34
Q

what does r^2 mean or represent?

A

r^2 represents the amount of variation in the data that is explained by the regression

35
Q

what is the null hypothesis?

A

the hypothesis that the groups are equal and there is no difference

36
Q

what is ALPHA

A

agreed upon level for probability of chance in explaining the results of the study. usually 5% (.05)

37
Q

p value

A

an expression of the probability that the difference has been identified in the study is due to chance. p=.02

38
Q

which value do we set? p value or alpha?

A

alpha

39
Q

what does it mean if the p is lower then the alpha?

A

then we reject the null hypothesis!!! bc there is a difference

EBP (4 decks)

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