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VMS 3012 > Applied Statistics 2 > Flashcards

Applied Statistics 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a contingency table?

A

table that displays the frequency distribution of two categorical variables

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2
Q

What is the Experimental Event Rate?

A

Proportion of animals receiving the test treatment that have the event of interest

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3
Q

What is the Control Event Rate?

A

Proportion of animals in the control group that have the event of interest

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4
Q

What is risk reduction?

A

Refers to the reduction of a bad event/ outcome occuring due to an intervention or treatment

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5
Q

What is absolute risk reduction?

A

The absolute difference between the control and the experimental group

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6
Q

What is relative risk reduction?

A

is the proportion by which the treated group improves
compared to the control group; it tells you by how much the treatment reduced the risk of a bad outcome relative to the control group

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7
Q

What is NNT?

Number needed to treat

A

The number of subjects/ animals that need to be treated in order to have one succesful outcome

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8
Q

How is NNT calculated?

A

calculated as the inverse of the absolute risk reduction

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9
Q

What does a negative NNT imply?

A

Implies that the treatment is harmful

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10
Q

What is the NNH?

A

number of subjects/ animals that need to be treated in order to have an additional bad outcome

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11
Q

What does the width of the confidence interval indicate?

A

Indicates the precison of the estimate

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12
Q

What are diagnostic tests used for?

A

tests performed to determine the presence or absence of a specific disease, condition, or infection in an individual

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13
Q

What does a diagnostic test evaluation study evaluate?

A

evaluate test’s
accuracy, comparing its results to a reference gold
standard to determine its reliability and clinical utility

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14
Q

How do you estimate statistical measures for diagnostic tests?

A

each animal needs to be classified definitively using a ‘gold-standard’ assessment

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15
Q

What is the definition of sensitivity?

A

The proportion of truly positive cases that are correctly identified as such

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16
Q

What is the definition of specificity?

A

The proportion of truly negative cases that are correctly identified as such

17
Q

What is a Positive Predictive value

A

Proportion of test positives that are truly positive

18
Q

What is a negative predictive value?

A

Proportion of test negatives that are truly negative

19
Q

What does lowering the test threshold increase?

A

increases the sensitivity of the test and lowers specificity

20
Q

What does increasing the test threshold increase?

A

Increases the specificity and lowers the sensitivity

21
Q

What is a likelihood ratio?

A

statistical tool for assessing how good a diagnostic test is, derived from sensitivity and specificity

22
Q

What is a positive likelihood ratio?

A

measures how much likely a positive test result is in individuals with a disease compared to those without

23
Q

What is a negative likelihood ratio?

A

Measures how much more likely a negative test result is in individuals with a disease compared to those without

24
Q

What is the definition of probability?

A

measures the likelihood of an event occuring, ranges from 0 to 1

25
Q

What is the definition of odds?

A

Expresses the ratio of probability of success to the proabbaility of failure

26
Q

What is pre-test probability?

A

The probability that an animal has a disease, before a test is carried out

27
Q

What are pre-test odds?

A

Odds that an animal has a disease, before the test is carried out

28
Q

What is absolute risk?

A

refers to the probability of an outcome occuring in a specific group regardless of any other factors

29
Q

What is relative risk?

A

compares the risk of an outcome between different groups

30
Q

What is the calculation of risk difference?

A

risk in exposed group - risk in unexposed group

VMS 3012 (8 decks)

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