Applied Pharmacology Flashcards
Drugs have 3 different names, what are these ?
NSAIDS (Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug)
Opiates - narcotics
analgesics
Define Analgesics
A type of pain relieving drug but don’t have an effect on the cause of pain but only numb the bodies senses to ‘feeling’ the pain or being aware of it.
What is formulation?
The making or packaging/dressing of a drug
Describe the site of action of COX 2 enzyme
Mast cells; fibroblasts, macrophages and endothelial cells
what is COX 2 enzymes function?
To cause:
Inflammation
Stimulate Pain
Fever
What is step 1 of the WHO analgesic Ladder?
non-opioid (paracetamol) +/- adjuvant (immune System Enhancer)
Define Adjuvant
Immune System Enhancer
Define Opioids
A compound resembling opium in its physiological effects.
Characteristics of Opioids
Binds to specific Opioid receptors
Mimics the action of endogenous peptide neurotransmitters (endorphins etc.)
What are some of the side effects of morphine over use?
Constipation
resp. Depression; Cough reflex; tolerance effects (can form into addiction)
Nausea/Vomiting
what are the steps involved in the Arachidonic Acid Cascade ?
- Phospholipase A2 (enzyme) produces arachidonic acid (AA) from fatty acids
- COX enzyme converts AA into intermediates
- Other enzymes convert intermediates into Protstanoids-prostoglandins or thromboxanes
What is the role of a prostaglandin?
In term of high blood pressure; they are considered to be important vasodilators. dilating the blood vessels to become less resistant to blood flow.
what is the role of thromboxanes ?
Vasoconstriction.
involved in platelet formation and blood clotting
What is step 2 on the WHO analgesics Ladder?
- Weak opioids (codeine) +/- non-opioid/adjuvant
