Applied Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

How many babies have a birth defect?

A

1 in 46 babies

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2
Q

Problems with implantation

A

May not implant at all

May get stuck in ovary or tube or abdominal cavity

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3
Q

How many babies are affected by neural tube defects?

A

1 in 1000 babies

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4
Q

Definition of teratogen

A

An environmental ‘exposure’ (e.g. a drug or substance or infection) to which the mother is exposed to during pregnancy. May detrimentally affect the embryo/foetus in utero, may lead to structural or functional abnormalities or even in utero death

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5
Q

Effects of teratogens on the developing foetus

A
Death 
Cancer
IUGR/growth defects
learning difficulties
sensory deficit 
structural abnormalities 
neurodevelopmental/behavioural dysfunction 
developmental delay
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6
Q

When can teratogenic exposure occur?

A
Pre-conception
First trimester
Second trimester
Third trimester
Post partum
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7
Q

When is the biggest risk for organogenesis?

A

weeks 3-11

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8
Q

When is the most likely time to get functional or growth defects?

A

After 12 weeks gestation

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9
Q

What does thiamolide cause?

A

Limb defects

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10
Q

What does sodium valproate cause?

A

Neural tube defects

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11
Q

What does carbamazepine cause?

A

Facial feature defects

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12
Q

Isotretinoin is used for…

A

Severe cystic acne

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13
Q

Isotretinoin causes….

A
microphlamia
absent ears
cardiac anomalies
microcephaly 
cleft lip and palate 
NS anomalies
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14
Q

What does tetracycline cause?

A

Problems with teeth (it is not lethal)

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15
Q

What is diethylstilboestrol for?

A

Non-steroidal oestrogen which was given to women to prevent miscarriage

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16
Q

What does diethylstiboestrol cause?

A

Increased risk of developing clear cell cancer of the vagina and cervix in later childhood/teen

17
Q

How many units of alcohol can cause foetal alcohol syndrome?

A

more than 8 units a day

18
Q

Binge drinking definition

A

5 or more units of alcohol on one occassion

19
Q

Cigarette smoking in pregnancy results in…..

A
pre-eclampsia
small babies
pre-term labour
stillbirth 
miscarriage
20
Q

Triad for congenital rubella syndrome

A
  1. Sensorineural deafness
  2. Eye abnormalities (retinopathy cataract and microphthalmia)
  3. Congenital heart defects (PAS and PDA)
21
Q

Varicella (chicken pox) causes….

A

Limb hypoplasia
Skin scarring
Eye defects

22
Q

When is the greatest risk of varicella (chicken pox)?

A

2nd trimester

23
Q

What causes respiratory depression in neonates?

A

Opiate medications taken for maternal pain relief in labour

24
Q

Pre-conception counselling is vital to offer to…

A
Epilepsy 
Diabetes
Women on anticoagulants
Women with congenital anomalies 
Antihypertensives
25
Q

Which women are at risk of NT defects?

A
Previous child with NTD
DM
Women on anti-epileptic medication 
Obese (BMI > 30)
HIV +ve taking co-trimoxazole
Sickle cell