Applied Anatomy And Physiology Pt 2

Question 1

What are the three energy systems?

Answer 1

ATP-PC, aerobic system, Lactic Acid system (anaerobic glycolytic)

Question 2

What is ATP

Answer 2

-Energy Currency of the body
-For cellular function
-For muscles to contract
-Growth and repair of tissues
-ATPase breaks down ATP leaving adenasine diphosphate and an inorganic phosphate this process is what creates energy

Question 3

ATP-PC System + Muscle fibre

Answer 3

-Uses Phosphocreatine as its fuel broken down quickly all in sarcoplasm
-Used for maximal contractions due to Availability + proximity
-Only lasts 5-10secs due to limited PC stores
- Replenished during rest/low intensity exercise (100% 3 mins 50% 30 secs)
PC-Broken down by creatine kinase- Phosphate + Creatine + energy(1ATP)
-Type 2b muscle fibre

Question 4

Aerobic System + Muscle fibre + how it works

Answer 4

Three stages
Glycloysis- Breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid and then oxidises into Acetyle CoA (2ATP)
Kreb Cycle- Two acetyle groups diffuse into MATRIX OF THE MITOCHONDRIA. Acetyle groups combine with oxaloacetic acid forming citric acid forming hydrogen and carbon (2ATP)
Electron Transport Chain- Hydrogen is carried by hydrogen carriers. Occurs at the CRISTAE of the mitchondria. Hydrogen splits into H ions and electrons and is charged potential energy (34 ATP)
-Type 1 muscle fibre

Question 5

Lactic acid system

Answer 5

-It is and immediate anaerobic system but can only supply energy for a short amount of time. Glucose is the fuel
-Fatiguing bi-product (Lactic
Acid)
-Used for high intensity
exercise- up to 3 mins
Glucose-Broken down by PFK-Pyruvate/Pyruvic acid- Lactate dehydrogenase-lactate acid
-All takes place in sarcoplasm

Question 6

ADV+DADV ATP-PC

Answer 6

+No fatiguing bi-products
+One chemical reaction for rapid energy release
+stores replenish quickly-3 mins 100%
+No O2 Needed
+Can be Supplemented
-Poor fuel to ATP ratio 1:1ATP
-Limited Pc stores - 5-10 secs

Question 7

ADV+DADV of lactic acid system

Answer 7

+Large glycogen stores
+Few chemical reactions needed for rapid energy release
+No O2
-Lactic Acid increases acidity, denaturing enzymes so fuel cannot break down
-Poor fuel to ATP ratio 1:2ATP

Question 8

ADV+DADV of aerobic system

Answer 8

+No fatiguing bi-product
+Good fuel to ATP ratio 1:36ATP
+Large glycogen and fat stores
-Lots of chemical reactions so it is slow
-O2 needed to release energy

Question 9

VO2 Max

Answer 9

Volume of oxygen consumes per minute, Used for ATP production

Question 10

O2 deficient

Answer 10

When you have insufficient O2 distribution to muscle tissue, some energy provided anaerobically. This is due to circulatory and mitochondria response.

Question 11

EPOC

Answer 11

Made of 2 components, Fast component-ATP-PC system and the slow component-Lactic acid system

Question 12

Fast component

Answer 12

Uses extra oxygen that is taken in during recovery to restore ATP and Phosphocreatine and resaturate myoglobin with oxygen
-Replenishes PC stores
-Resaturation of myoglobin
-Resynthesis of ATP (small
amount stored in muscles)
-Volume of O2 required is 2-4L
(in blood)(consumed)

Question 13

Slow Component

Answer 13

The oxygen consumed during this stage has several functions
-removal of lactic acid
-Can be converted back to
pyruvate using O2
-Transported in the blood to
the liver where its converted
to glucose (cori Cycle)
-Converted to protein
-Removed via sweat or urine
-Requires 5-6L of O2 in first 30mins to remove 50% of Lactic Acid
-Full recovery may take over an hour depending on duration and intensity
-Breathing rate maintained (elevated slightly)

Question 14

Onset blood lactate accumulation (OBLA)

Answer 14

-It is the point which lactate accumulates in the blood 4mmol per litre of blood(lactate threshold)
-As exercise intensity increases, body goes from aerobic energy release to anaerobic
-Due to inefficient O2 delivery to the working muscles more lactic acid is produced and less carbon can be removed causing a build up of lactate blood
-during aerobic exercise, small amounts of lactate is released into the blood 1-2 mmol
-Due to lactic acid system releasing some
energy
-Lactate does not accumulate due to
sufficient O2 present to remove lactate

Question 15

Factors affecting lactate accumulation

Answer 15

-Exercise intensity ^intensity=^demand for ATP= ^rate of lactate accumulation
-Muscle fibre type-fast twitch produces more
lactic acid
-VO2 max of the performer-^in VO2 max= reduced rate of lactate accumulation
-Fitness of performer-^in fitness= *lactate accumulation
-Respiratory exchange rate(RER)- closer value is to 1= ^rate of lactate accumlation