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GCSE PE > Applied anatomy and physiology - key terms > Flashcards

Applied anatomy and physiology - key terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Musculoskeletal system

A

the muscular and skeletal system working together.

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2
Q

Adrenaline

A

Natural hormone released to speed heart rate up

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3
Q

Aerobic exercise

A

working at a low to moderate intensity so that the body has time to use oxygen for energy production and can work for a long period of time.

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4
Q

Intensity

A

the amount of energy needed to complete an activity. Working at a high intensity requires a large amount of energy. Working at a low intensity requires less energy

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5
Q

Anaerobic exercise

A

working for short periods of time at a high intensity without oxygen for energy production.

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6
Q

Lactic acid

A

a mild poison and waste product of anaerobic respiration.

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7
Q

Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption - EPOC

A

the amount of oxygen needed to recover after exercise. It is characterised by an increased breating rate and deeper breathing after exercise.

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8
Q

Articulating bones

A

bones that meet at a joint to enable movement

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9
Q

Synovial joint

A

an area of the body where two or more articulating bones meet.

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10
Q

Bursae

A

a sac filled with liquid, floating inside the joint, to reduce friction between tendon and bone

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11
Q

Joint capsule

A

tissue that stops synovial fluid from escaping and encloses, supports and holds the bones together.

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12
Q

Synovial membrane

A

the lining inside the joint that secretes synovial fluid.

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13
Q

Ligaments

A

bands of elastic fibre that attach bone to bone, keeping the joints stable by restricting movement.

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14
Q

Synovial fluid

A

a clear and slippery liquid that lubricates the joint, and stops the bones rubbing together.

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15
Q

Cartilage

A

a tough but flexible tissue that acts as a buffer between the bones, preventing bones rubbing together and causing friction.

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16
Q

Tendon

A

connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone. Its role is to transfer the effort created by a contracting muscle to the bone, resulting in the movement of that bone.
Strong, non-elastic cords that join muscle to bone.

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17
Q

Prime mover (agonist)

A

the muscle or group of muscles that contract to create movement. The prime mover works in an antagonistic pair with the antagonist.

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18
Q

Antagonist

A

the muscle or group of muscles that relax to allow a movement to take place. The antagonist works in an antagonistic pair with the agonist.

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19
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

a muscle contraction where the muscle changes in length when it contracts, resulting in movement.

20
Q

Concentric muscle contraction

A

when the muscle contracts and shortens

21
Q

Eccentric isotonic contraction

A

when the muscle contracts and lengthens

22
Q

Isometric contraction

A

a muscle contraction where the length of the muscle does not change when it contracts. There is no limb movement as a result

23
Q

Gaseous exchange

A

the process where oxygen from the air in the alveoli moves into the blood in the capillaries, while carbon dioxide moves from the blood in the capillaries into air in the alveoli.

24
Q

Haemoglobin

A

the protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen (as oxyhaemoglobin) and carbon dioxide around the body.

25
Q

Oxyhaemoglobin

A

a chemical formed when haemoglobin bonds to oxygen.

26
Q

Alveoli

A

small air sacs in the lungs where gaseous exchange takes place.

27
Q

Capillaries

A

a network of microscopic blood vessels. They are only one cell thick.

28
Q

Diffusion pathway

A

the distance travelled during diffusion. The diffusion pathway is short in gaseous exchange.

29
Q

Inhalation / inspiration

A

the process of breathing in

30
Q

Exhalation / expiration

A

the process of breathing out

31
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

the amount of air that can be forced out after tidal volume (after a normal expiration). Decreases during exercise.

32
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

the amount of air that can be forced in after tidal volume. Decreases during exercise.

33
Q

Residual volume

A

the amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration. No change during exercise.

34
Q

Tidal volume

A

the normal amount of air inhaled or exhaled per breath. Increases with exercise.

35
Q

Vital capacity

A

the largest volume of air that can be forcibly expired after the deepest possible inspiration.

36
Q

Pulse

A

the rhythmic throbbing that you can feel as your arteries pump blood around the body. Can measure hr using pulse.

37
Q

Backflow

A

the flowing backwards of blood. Valves prevent this in veins,.

38
Q

Diastole

A

the phase of the heartbeat when chambers of heart relax and fill with blood.

39
Q

Systole

A

the phase of the heartbeat when the chambers of the heart contract and empty of blood; when blood is ejected from the heart.

40
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

one cycle of diastole and systole.

41
Q

Blood pressure

A

the pressure that blood is under. Systolic reading measures bp when heart contracts, diastolic measures bp when heart relaxes.

42
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

the narrowing of the internal diameter of a blood vessel to decrease blood flow.

43
Q

Vasodilation

A

the widening of the internal diameter of a blood vessel to increase blood flow. Increases oxygen supply.

44
Q

Stroke volume (SV)

A

volume of blood pumped out of the heart by each ventricle during one contraction.

45
Q

Cardiac output (Q)

A

volume of blood ejected from the heart in one minute.

Q = SV X HR

46
Q

Fatigue

A

a feeling of extreme or severe tiredness due to a build-up of lactic acid in the muscles or working for a long period of time.

GCSE PE (7 decks)

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