applied anatomy and physiology - heart and lungs Flashcards
pathway of air
nose/mouth- trachea- bronchi- bronchioles- alveoli
features of alveoli
moist walls. one cell thick. lots of capillerys- strong blood supply
gaseous exchange
C02 diffuses into alveoli, oxygen diffuses into blood
oxyhaemoglobin
formed when haemoglobin in the red blood cells combines with oxygen
function of arteries
carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
function of veins
carry deoxygenated blood to the heart
function of capillaries
exchage of substances
features of arteries
thick walls, small lumen, high blood pressure
features of veins
thin wall, large lumen, valves
features of capilleries
one cell thick, very narrow lumen
vasodilation
increases the width of the arteries
vasoconstriction
narrowing of blood vessles to non vital organs
the cardiac cycle
atrial diastole( filling). ventricular diastole( filling)
atrial systole( contraction)
ventricular systole( contraction)
pathway of blood
vena cava- right atrium- right ventricle- pulmonray artery- lungs- pulamonary vein- left atrium- left ventricle- aorta
heat rate
the frequency at which the heart contracts (bpm)
pacemaker
group of cells in the right atrium
what happens to heart rate during exersize
increases because needs an oxygen supply and adreneline
stroke volume
volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle during one contration
cardiac output
stroke volume x heart rate
diaphragm and intercostal muscles during inhalation
diaphragm contracts moves downwards
intercostal muscles contract to move the rib cage up and out
inhalation proccess
volume inside chest cavity increases
decreases pressure in chest cavity
concentration gradient pulls air into the lungs
diaphragm and intercostal muscles curing exhalation
diaphragm relaxes and returns to a dome shape
intercostal muscles relax and pull the ribcage down and back
exhalation process
volume inside chest cavity decreases
increases pressure in chest cavity
pressure gradient pushes air out
effect of exersize on breathing
happens more quickly, lungs expand more by using the pectorals and sternocleidomastoid, abdominals help push air out quicker
tidal volume
the volume of air inhaled or exhaled per breath
residual volume
the amout of air left in the lungs after exhaling
inspiratory reserve volume
the amount of air that can be inhaled
expiratory reserve volume
the amount o air that can be exhaled
change of lung volumes during exersise
tidal volume increases so inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes decrease
aerobic exercise
with oxygen - low intensity
aerobic exercise equation
glucose + oxygen = energy+ carbon dioxide+ water
anaerobic exersice
exersive without oxygen - high intensity
anaerobic exersize equation
glucose+ energy= lactic acid
exess post-exercise oxygen consumption/ oxygen debt
continued heavy breathy or increased tidal volume after exersize
why does EPOC/oxygen debt happen
lactic acid is produced as a result of anaerobic exerice ,more oxygen helps convert this back into glucose
how does cooling down help recovery
maintains an elavated breathing and heart rate- icreases oxygen, streching reduces tension and puts muscle back to normal length
how does diet help recovery
rehydrating to replace fluids,carbs restore glucose levels as lots of glycogen is used in exersize
how do ice baths help recovery
reduces swelling and increases blood flow- preventing doms
how do massages help recovery
increases blood flow - reduces DOMS
immediate effects of exercise
hot, swearty red skin
heart rate increases
increase in depth and frequency of breathing
short term effects of exersize
fatigue
cramp
DOMS
light headedness
nausea
long term effects of exersize
mpeoved strengh, speed and endurance
changed body shape
bradycardia - lower resting heart rate
cardiac hypertrophy
