Applied Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
What are the three types of muscle? Describe each.
- smooth muscle - found in organs and blood vessels (involuntary)
- cardiac muscle - heart (involuntary)
- skeletal muscle - attached to skeleton (voluntary)
What are voluntary and involuntary muscles?
- voluntary muscles = under conscious control
* involuntary muscles = not under conscious control
What are the three different types of skeletal muscle fibres?
- type I
- type lla
- type llx
What are the features of type l skeletal muscle fibres?
- slow contraction speed
- low force produced
- high resistance to fatigue
- red
What are the features of a type lla skeletal muscle fibre?
- fast contraction speed
- medium force
- medium resistance to fatigue
- pink
What are the features of type llx skeletal muscle fibres?
- very fast contraction speed
- high force
- low resistance to fatigue
- white
What sports person needs type l fibres?
Endurance cyclists
Why are type l fibres red?
They have a large amount of capillaries to transport oxygenated blood
What sports person needs type llx fibres?
Sprinter
Where is the deltoid muscle? Give it’s function.
Shoulder - abduction of shoulder (away from body)
Where is the pectoralis major? Give it’s function.
Chest - addiction of shoulder (towards body) and horizontal flexion of shoulder (forwards)
Where are the triceps? State wants they do.
Back of upper arm - extend elbow
Where are the biceps? State their function.
Front of upper arm - flex the elbow
Where are the external obliques? What do they do?
Side of abs - rotation sideways
Where are the Latissimus dorsi? Give their function.
Sides of your back - shoulder adduction (towards body) and shoulder horizontal extension (arms forward)
Where are the hip flexors and what do they do?
Around front of groin - hip flexion (moving knee towards chest)
Where is the gluteus maximus? What do they do?
Bum muscles - hip extension (moving leg backwards)
Where are the quadriceps and what do they do?
Front of thigh - extend knee
Where are your hamstrings and what do they do?
Back of thigh - flex the knee
Where are the gastrocnemius and what do they do?
Calf muscle - plantar flexion of ankle ( point toes)
Where are the tibialis anterior? Give their function.
Front and side of calf/shin - dorsiflexion of ankle (flex toes)
What are the two main types of muscle contraction?
- isotonic concentric contraction
* isotonic eccentric contraction
What is isotonic concentric contraction?
Involves muscle shortening, origin and insertion moving closer to become fatter.
What is isotonic eccentric contraction?
Involves muscles lengthening whilst under tension, origin and insertion move away from one another. Provides control on downwards phase and resists the force of gravity.
How do muscles transfer force to bones?
Through tendons
How does muscle contraction work?
Tendons move are mines and associated parts by pulling on them
What are antagonistic muscle pairs?
One muscle contracts to move body part, the other contracts to move the body part back
In an antagonistic muscle pair what are the names for the contracting and relaxing muscles?
- muscle that is contracting is called the agonist
* muscle that is relaxing is called antagonist
Name 3 antagonistic muscle pairs.
- bicep/tricep
- hamstring/quadriceps
- gluteus maximus/hip flexors
What is a fixator?
The muscles around antagonistic pairs that support and stabilise the joint, some also act as a synergist (perform same action as agonist)
Give an example of a fixator.
Trapezius addicting bicep flexion
Where is the cranium?
Head
Where is the clavicle?
Top of shoulder
Where is the sternum?
Chest
Where is the humerus?
Upper arm
Where is the radius?
lower arm
Where is the ulna?
Wrist
Where is the femur?
Thigh
Where is the patella?
Knee cap
Where are the tarsals?
Ankle
Where are the metatarsals?
Top of foot
Where are the phalanges?
Toes and fingers
Where is the scapula?
Back of shoulder
Where are the ribs?
Torso
Where is the vertebral column?
Spine
Where is the pelvis?
Hips
Where are the carpals?
Wrist
Where are the metacarpals?
Back of hand
Where is the fibula?
Side of calf
Where is the tibia?
Inside of calf
Which bone is a long bone?
Femur
What is a long bone?
Cylindrical shapes found in limbs, act as a lever
What bone is a short bone?
Carpals
What is a short bone?
Designed for strength and weight bearing, compact and equal in length
What kind of bone is a flat bone?
Ribs
What is a flat bone?
Flat surface, protect internal organs
Which bone is an irregular bone?
Vertebrae
What is an irregular bone?
Complex, individual shapes m, for protection and muscle attachment
What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?
- movement
- support and protection
- production of blood cells (red bone marrow)
- storage of minerals
- attachment of muscles
What is a joint?
A place where two or more bones meet
What is connective tissue made up from?
Ligaments, cartilage and tendons
What holds joints together?
Ligaments (stabilise joints)
Where is cartilage found?
End of bones and where joints meet
What is the role of tendons?
Attach muscle to bone
What are Synovial joints?
Freely movable joints that allow us to do physical activity
What is synovial fluid and what does it do?
Fluid in the joint cavity made from synovial membrane that Oils the joint so it moves more smoothly
What are ligaments?
The connect bone to bone and stabilise joints during movement, can absorb shock and help maintain posture
What are the 4 types of synovial joint?
- hinge
- ball and socket
- pivot
- condyloid
Where are hinge joints found?
Elbow and knee
What do hinge joints do?
- allow movement in one direction
* allow flexion and extension
What do ball and socket joints do?
Round end of bone that fits into cup-like area of another bone to allow movement in every direction
Where are ball and socket joints found?
Shoulder and hip
What are pivot joints?
Allows rotation
Where are pivot joints found?
Neck
What are condyloid joints?
Allows flexion and extension and sideways movement
Where can a condyloid joint be found?
Wrist
What is flexion? Give a sporting example.
Bending a joint - bicep curls
What is extension? Give a sporting example.
Straightening joint - shot put
What is abduction? Give a sporting example.
Movement away from midline of body - star jumps
What is adduction? Give a sporting example.
Movement towards the midline of body - star jumps
What is circumduction? Give a sporting example.
Circular movement of a limb - tennis serve
What is rotation? Give a sporting example.
Circular movement of a limb around a fixed joint - golf
What is plantar-flexion? Give a sporting example.
Pointing toes - ballet
What is dorsiflexion?
Movement of foot towards shin
What types of movements can be done around a ball and socket joint?
- flexion
- extension
- abduction
- adduction
- circumduction
What types of movement can be done around a hinge joint?
- flexion
* extension
What type of movement can be done around a pivot joint?
•rotation
What types of movement can be done around a condyloid joint?
- flexion
- extension
- abduction
- adduction
- circumduction
What does the right side of the heart do?
Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs
What does the left hand side of the heart do?
Pumps oxygenated blood around the body
What is the atria?
Where the blood enters heart
What are the ventricles?
Pump blood out of heart
What is the septum?
Supersets different sides
Where is the tricuspid valve and what does it do?
Between right atrium and right ventricle
Opens due to build up of pressure in right atrium
Where is the bicuspid valve and what does it do?
Between the left atrium and left ventricle
Opens due to build up of pressure in left atrium
What do the semilunar valves do?
Stop back flow of blood into heart
What does the pulmonary artery do?
Carries deoxygenated blood away from right side of heart to lungs
What does the pulmonary vein do?
Returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
What is the main artery called?
Aorta
What is the main vein called?
Vena cava
What are the three blood vessels that carry blood?
- veins
- arteries
- capillaries
Give 2 features of an artery.
- thick, elastic wall
* small lumen
Give 2 features of a vein?
- thin wall
- large lumen
- valve
Give 1 feature of a capillary?
•single cell wall
What is the function of a capillary?
Allows gas and nutrient diffusion from blood to cells
What are the 4 components of blood?
- red blood cells
- white blood cells
- platelets
- plasma
What do red blood cells do?
Transport oxygen around body
What does white blood cells do?
Fight infection
What do platelets do?
Clot to prevent blood loss
What is plasma?
Liquid part of blood
Why do red blood cells have a large surface area?
Allows rapid diffusion of oxygen
What are the 3 functions of the cardiovascular system?
- transport oxygen and nutrients
- clotting is open wounds
- regulation of body temperature
What is the process called when blood vessels close the the surface of the skin enlarge?
Vasodilation
What does vasodilation do?
Allows heat loos from blood
What are the 2 values of a blood pressure reading called?
Systolic and diastolic
What is the systolic value measuring?
Blood pressure while heart is squeezing
What is the diastolic value measuring?
Blood pressure while heart is relaxing
What is cardiac output?
Amount of blood pumped from heart every minute
How do you calculate cardiac output?
Heart rate x Stoke volume
What is stroke volume?
Amount of blood pumped out of ventricles each time they contract
What is heart rate?
The number of times the heart beats in one minute
Where does air enter the body?
Nasal cavity and mouth
Where does air go after it is breathed in?
Enters the trachea
What does the trachea divide into?
Two bronchi
What does each bronchus branch out into?
Smaller tubes called bronchioles
What is at the end of the bronchioles?
Millions of alveoli whee has exchange takes place
Which are the two important structures for breathing?
- diaphragm
* intercostal muscles
What is inspiration?
Breathing in - diaphragm contracts and moved downwards, intercostal muscles contract and move up and out
What is expiration?
Breathing out - diaphragm relaxes and intercostal muscle relaxes and moves in and down
What is the lungs vital capacity?
The maximum amount of air that can be breathes out after breathing in as much as possible
What increases someone’s vital capacity?
Regular exercise
What is your lungs tidal volume?
The amount of air breathes in with each normal breath
What is your total lung capacity?
Total amount of air that lungs can hold after highest possible breath in
What increases the tidal wave?
Breathing deeply
Why does your heart rate increase when you do exercise?
To increase the rate at which oxygen is transported
What is anaerobic respiration?
Quick spurts of intense excise
What is the equation for anaerobic respiration?
Glucose -> energy + lactic acid
What is aerobic respiration?
Produces energy while our bodies take part in low intensity exercise for long periods of time
What is the equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + oxygen -> energy + water + CO2
How an example of an americium sport?
Javelin
Give an example of an aerobic sport?
Jogging
How long can anaerobic exercise be sustained for?
A few seconds without tiring
What are the short term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system?
- increase stroke volume
- increase heart rate
- increase cardiac output
- increase blood pressure
What are the short term effects of exercise on the respiratory system?
- increase breathing rate
* increase tidal volume
What are the short term effects of exercise on the cardio-respiratory system?
- increase oxygen uptake
* increase carbon dioxide removal
What is he short term effect of exercise on the energy system?
•increase lactate production
What are the short term effects of exercise on the muscular system?
- Increase in temperature of muscles
- Increased pliability
- Muscle fatigue
What are 3 Lon term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system? What type of training causes this?
•increased number of red blood cells
•increased strength of heart
•increase maximum cardiac output
-aerobic
What are 3 long term effects of exercise on the respiratory system? What type of training causes this?
•increased strength of respiratory muscles
•increased lung capacity and volume
•increased number of functioning alveoli
-aerobic
What are the long term effects of exercise on the energy system? What type of training causes this?
•increased production of energy
•increased tolerance to lactic acid
-aerobic and anaerobic
What are the long term effects of exercise on the muscular system? What type of training causes this?
•muscle hypertrophy
•increased strength of tendons and ligaments
-resistance
What is the long term effect of exercise on the skeletal system? What type of training causes this?
•increase bone density
-resistance
What is cardiac hypetrophy?
Increase is size of heart
What is capillarisation?
Process where new capillaries are formed in the alveoli
What 4 things does a lever consist of?
- rigid bone structure
- force from muscle producing turning movement
- fulcrum (fixed joint)
- load/resistance places on bone
What is a first class lever?
Fulcrum in middle of effort load
Give an example of a first class lever.
Raising head from neck to header football
What is a second class lever?
Load in middle of effort and fulcrum
Give an example of a second class lever.
Tiptoeing on ankles during take off of jump
What is a third class lever?
Effort is in the middle of fulcrum and load
Give an example of a third class lever.
Bicep curls
What abbreviation shows which part of the lever is in the middle for each one?
FLE
- 1st : Fulcrum
- 2nd : Load
- 3rd : Effort
How can you work out mechanical advantage?
Effort arm / resistance arm
What is mechanical advantage?
The levers can overcome a large load with little effort
What is mechanical disadvantage?
When a levers load arm is larger than its effort arm
What is a saguaro plane?
A vertical division into left and right sides
What types of movement occur at sagittal planes?
Flexion and extension
What is a frontal plane?
Vertical division into front and back
What type of movement occurs in frontal planes?
Adduction and abduction
What is a transverse plane?
Horizontal division into upper and slower half
What type of movement occurs in a transverse plane?
Rotation
What is a frontal axis?
A line running from left to right through centre of body
What is a sagittal axis?
A line running from front to back through centre of body
What is a vertical axis?
A line running from top to bottom through the centre of the body
