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Physical Education > Applied Anatomy And Physiology > Flashcards

Applied Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscle? Describe each.

A
  • smooth muscle - found in organs and blood vessels (involuntary)
  • cardiac muscle - heart (involuntary)
  • skeletal muscle - attached to skeleton (voluntary)
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2
Q

What are voluntary and involuntary muscles?

A
  • voluntary muscles = under conscious control

* involuntary muscles = not under conscious control

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3
Q

What are the three different types of skeletal muscle fibres?

A
  • type I
  • type lla
  • type llx
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4
Q

What are the features of type l skeletal muscle fibres?

A
  • slow contraction speed
  • low force produced
  • high resistance to fatigue
  • red
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5
Q

What are the features of a type lla skeletal muscle fibre?

A
  • fast contraction speed
  • medium force
  • medium resistance to fatigue
  • pink
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6
Q

What are the features of type llx skeletal muscle fibres?

A
  • very fast contraction speed
  • high force
  • low resistance to fatigue
  • white
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7
Q

What sports person needs type l fibres?

A

Endurance cyclists

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8
Q

Why are type l fibres red?

A

They have a large amount of capillaries to transport oxygenated blood

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9
Q

What sports person needs type llx fibres?

A

Sprinter

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10
Q

Where is the deltoid muscle? Give it’s function.

A

Shoulder - abduction of shoulder (away from body)

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11
Q

Where is the pectoralis major? Give it’s function.

A

Chest - addiction of shoulder (towards body) and horizontal flexion of shoulder (forwards)

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12
Q

Where are the triceps? State wants they do.

A

Back of upper arm - extend elbow

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13
Q

Where are the biceps? State their function.

A

Front of upper arm - flex the elbow

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14
Q

Where are the external obliques? What do they do?

A

Side of abs - rotation sideways

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15
Q

Where are the Latissimus dorsi? Give their function.

A

Sides of your back - shoulder adduction (towards body) and shoulder horizontal extension (arms forward)

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16
Q

Where are the hip flexors and what do they do?

A

Around front of groin - hip flexion (moving knee towards chest)

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17
Q

Where is the gluteus maximus? What do they do?

A

Bum muscles - hip extension (moving leg backwards)

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18
Q

Where are the quadriceps and what do they do?

A

Front of thigh - extend knee

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19
Q

Where are your hamstrings and what do they do?

A

Back of thigh - flex the knee

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20
Q

Where are the gastrocnemius and what do they do?

A

Calf muscle - plantar flexion of ankle ( point toes)

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21
Q

Where are the tibialis anterior? Give their function.

A

Front and side of calf/shin - dorsiflexion of ankle (flex toes)

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22
Q

What are the two main types of muscle contraction?

A
  • isotonic concentric contraction

* isotonic eccentric contraction

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23
Q

What is isotonic concentric contraction?

A

Involves muscle shortening, origin and insertion moving closer to become fatter.

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24
Q

What is isotonic eccentric contraction?

A

Involves muscles lengthening whilst under tension, origin and insertion move away from one another. Provides control on downwards phase and resists the force of gravity.

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25
Q

How do muscles transfer force to bones?

A

Through tendons

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26
Q

How does muscle contraction work?

A

Tendons move are mines and associated parts by pulling on them

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27
Q

What are antagonistic muscle pairs?

A

One muscle contracts to move body part, the other contracts to move the body part back

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28
Q

In an antagonistic muscle pair what are the names for the contracting and relaxing muscles?

A
  • muscle that is contracting is called the agonist

* muscle that is relaxing is called antagonist

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29
Q

Name 3 antagonistic muscle pairs.

A
  • bicep/tricep
  • hamstring/quadriceps
  • gluteus maximus/hip flexors
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30
Q

What is a fixator?

A

The muscles around antagonistic pairs that support and stabilise the joint, some also act as a synergist (perform same action as agonist)

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31
Q

Give an example of a fixator.

A

Trapezius addicting bicep flexion

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32
Q

Where is the cranium?

A

Head

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33
Q

Where is the clavicle?

A

Top of shoulder

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34
Q

Where is the sternum?

A

Chest

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35
Q

Where is the humerus?

A

Upper arm

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36
Q

Where is the radius?

A

lower arm

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37
Q

Where is the ulna?

A

Wrist

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38
Q

Where is the femur?

A

Thigh

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39
Q

Where is the patella?

A

Knee cap

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40
Q

Where are the tarsals?

A

Ankle

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41
Q

Where are the metatarsals?

A

Top of foot

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42
Q

Where are the phalanges?

A

Toes and fingers

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43
Q

Where is the scapula?

A

Back of shoulder

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44
Q

Where are the ribs?

A

Torso

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45
Q

Where is the vertebral column?

A

Spine

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46
Q

Where is the pelvis?

A

Hips

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47
Q

Where are the carpals?

A

Wrist

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48
Q

Where are the metacarpals?

A

Back of hand

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49
Q

Where is the fibula?

A

Side of calf

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50
Q

Where is the tibia?

A

Inside of calf

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51
Q

Which bone is a long bone?

A

Femur

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52
Q

What is a long bone?

A

Cylindrical shapes found in limbs, act as a lever

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53
Q

What bone is a short bone?

A

Carpals

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54
Q

What is a short bone?

A

Designed for strength and weight bearing, compact and equal in length

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55
Q

What kind of bone is a flat bone?

A

Ribs

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56
Q

What is a flat bone?

A

Flat surface, protect internal organs

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57
Q

Which bone is an irregular bone?

A

Vertebrae

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58
Q

What is an irregular bone?

A

Complex, individual shapes m, for protection and muscle attachment

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59
Q

What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • movement
  • support and protection
  • production of blood cells (red bone marrow)
  • storage of minerals
  • attachment of muscles
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60
Q

What is a joint?

A

A place where two or more bones meet

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61
Q

What is connective tissue made up from?

A

Ligaments, cartilage and tendons

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62
Q

What holds joints together?

A

Ligaments (stabilise joints)

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63
Q

Where is cartilage found?

A

End of bones and where joints meet

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64
Q

What is the role of tendons?

A

Attach muscle to bone

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65
Q

What are Synovial joints?

A

Freely movable joints that allow us to do physical activity

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66
Q

What is synovial fluid and what does it do?

A

Fluid in the joint cavity made from synovial membrane that Oils the joint so it moves more smoothly

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67
Q

What are ligaments?

A

The connect bone to bone and stabilise joints during movement, can absorb shock and help maintain posture

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68
Q

What are the 4 types of synovial joint?

A
  • hinge
  • ball and socket
  • pivot
  • condyloid
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69
Q

Where are hinge joints found?

A

Elbow and knee

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70
Q

What do hinge joints do?

A
  • allow movement in one direction

* allow flexion and extension

71
Q

What do ball and socket joints do?

A

Round end of bone that fits into cup-like area of another bone to allow movement in every direction

72
Q

Where are ball and socket joints found?

A

Shoulder and hip

73
Q

What are pivot joints?

A

Allows rotation

74
Q

Where are pivot joints found?

A

Neck

75
Q

What are condyloid joints?

A

Allows flexion and extension and sideways movement

76
Q

Where can a condyloid joint be found?

A

Wrist

77
Q

What is flexion? Give a sporting example.

A

Bending a joint - bicep curls

78
Q

What is extension? Give a sporting example.

A

Straightening joint - shot put

79
Q

What is abduction? Give a sporting example.

A

Movement away from midline of body - star jumps

80
Q

What is adduction? Give a sporting example.

A

Movement towards the midline of body - star jumps

81
Q

What is circumduction? Give a sporting example.

A

Circular movement of a limb - tennis serve

82
Q

What is rotation? Give a sporting example.

A

Circular movement of a limb around a fixed joint - golf

83
Q

What is plantar-flexion? Give a sporting example.

A

Pointing toes - ballet

84
Q

What is dorsiflexion?

A

Movement of foot towards shin

85
Q

What types of movements can be done around a ball and socket joint?

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • abduction
  • adduction
  • circumduction
86
Q

What types of movement can be done around a hinge joint?

A
  • flexion

* extension

87
Q

What type of movement can be done around a pivot joint?

A

•rotation

88
Q

What types of movement can be done around a condyloid joint?

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • abduction
  • adduction
  • circumduction
89
Q

What does the right side of the heart do?

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs

90
Q

What does the left hand side of the heart do?

A

Pumps oxygenated blood around the body

91
Q

What is the atria?

A

Where the blood enters heart

92
Q

What are the ventricles?

A

Pump blood out of heart

93
Q

What is the septum?

A

Supersets different sides

94
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve and what does it do?

A

Between right atrium and right ventricle

Opens due to build up of pressure in right atrium

95
Q

Where is the bicuspid valve and what does it do?

A

Between the left atrium and left ventricle

Opens due to build up of pressure in left atrium

96
Q

What do the semilunar valves do?

A

Stop back flow of blood into heart

97
Q

What does the pulmonary artery do?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood away from right side of heart to lungs

98
Q

What does the pulmonary vein do?

A

Returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

99
Q

What is the main artery called?

A

Aorta

100
Q

What is the main vein called?

A

Vena cava

101
Q

What are the three blood vessels that carry blood?

A
  • veins
  • arteries
  • capillaries
102
Q

Give 2 features of an artery.

A
  • thick, elastic wall

* small lumen

103
Q

Give 2 features of a vein?

A
  • thin wall
  • large lumen
  • valve
104
Q

Give 1 feature of a capillary?

A

•single cell wall

105
Q

What is the function of a capillary?

A

Allows gas and nutrient diffusion from blood to cells

106
Q

What are the 4 components of blood?

A
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • platelets
  • plasma
107
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

Transport oxygen around body

108
Q

What does white blood cells do?

A

Fight infection

109
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Clot to prevent blood loss

110
Q

What is plasma?

A

Liquid part of blood

111
Q

Why do red blood cells have a large surface area?

A

Allows rapid diffusion of oxygen

112
Q

What are the 3 functions of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • transport oxygen and nutrients
  • clotting is open wounds
  • regulation of body temperature
113
Q

What is the process called when blood vessels close the the surface of the skin enlarge?

A

Vasodilation

114
Q

What does vasodilation do?

A

Allows heat loos from blood

115
Q

What are the 2 values of a blood pressure reading called?

A

Systolic and diastolic

116
Q

What is the systolic value measuring?

A

Blood pressure while heart is squeezing

117
Q

What is the diastolic value measuring?

A

Blood pressure while heart is relaxing

118
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Amount of blood pumped from heart every minute

119
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output?

A

Heart rate x Stoke volume

120
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Amount of blood pumped out of ventricles each time they contract

121
Q

What is heart rate?

A

The number of times the heart beats in one minute

122
Q

Where does air enter the body?

A

Nasal cavity and mouth

123
Q

Where does air go after it is breathed in?

A

Enters the trachea

124
Q

What does the trachea divide into?

A

Two bronchi

125
Q

What does each bronchus branch out into?

A

Smaller tubes called bronchioles

126
Q

What is at the end of the bronchioles?

A

Millions of alveoli whee has exchange takes place

127
Q

Which are the two important structures for breathing?

A
  • diaphragm

* intercostal muscles

128
Q

What is inspiration?

A

Breathing in - diaphragm contracts and moved downwards, intercostal muscles contract and move up and out

129
Q

What is expiration?

A

Breathing out - diaphragm relaxes and intercostal muscle relaxes and moves in and down

130
Q

What is the lungs vital capacity?

A

The maximum amount of air that can be breathes out after breathing in as much as possible

131
Q

What increases someone’s vital capacity?

A

Regular exercise

132
Q

What is your lungs tidal volume?

A

The amount of air breathes in with each normal breath

133
Q

What is your total lung capacity?

A

Total amount of air that lungs can hold after highest possible breath in

134
Q

What increases the tidal wave?

A

Breathing deeply

135
Q

Why does your heart rate increase when you do exercise?

A

To increase the rate at which oxygen is transported

136
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Quick spurts of intense excise

137
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose -> energy + lactic acid

138
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Produces energy while our bodies take part in low intensity exercise for long periods of time

139
Q

What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen -> energy + water + CO2

140
Q

How an example of an americium sport?

A

Javelin

141
Q

Give an example of an aerobic sport?

A

Jogging

142
Q

How long can anaerobic exercise be sustained for?

A

A few seconds without tiring

143
Q

What are the short term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system?

A
  • increase stroke volume
  • increase heart rate
  • increase cardiac output
  • increase blood pressure
144
Q

What are the short term effects of exercise on the respiratory system?

A
  • increase breathing rate

* increase tidal volume

145
Q

What are the short term effects of exercise on the cardio-respiratory system?

A
  • increase oxygen uptake

* increase carbon dioxide removal

146
Q

What is he short term effect of exercise on the energy system?

A

•increase lactate production

147
Q

What are the short term effects of exercise on the muscular system?

A
  • Increase in temperature of muscles
  • Increased pliability
  • Muscle fatigue
148
Q

What are 3 Lon term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system? What type of training causes this?

A

•increased number of red blood cells
•increased strength of heart
•increase maximum cardiac output
-aerobic

149
Q

What are 3 long term effects of exercise on the respiratory system? What type of training causes this?

A

•increased strength of respiratory muscles
•increased lung capacity and volume
•increased number of functioning alveoli
-aerobic

150
Q

What are the long term effects of exercise on the energy system? What type of training causes this?

A

•increased production of energy
•increased tolerance to lactic acid
-aerobic and anaerobic

151
Q

What are the long term effects of exercise on the muscular system? What type of training causes this?

A

•muscle hypertrophy
•increased strength of tendons and ligaments
-resistance

152
Q

What is the long term effect of exercise on the skeletal system? What type of training causes this?

A

•increase bone density

-resistance

153
Q

What is cardiac hypetrophy?

A

Increase is size of heart

154
Q

What is capillarisation?

A

Process where new capillaries are formed in the alveoli

155
Q

What 4 things does a lever consist of?

A
  • rigid bone structure
  • force from muscle producing turning movement
  • fulcrum (fixed joint)
  • load/resistance places on bone
156
Q

What is a first class lever?

A

Fulcrum in middle of effort load

157
Q

Give an example of a first class lever.

A

Raising head from neck to header football

158
Q

What is a second class lever?

A

Load in middle of effort and fulcrum

159
Q

Give an example of a second class lever.

A

Tiptoeing on ankles during take off of jump

160
Q

What is a third class lever?

A

Effort is in the middle of fulcrum and load

161
Q

Give an example of a third class lever.

A

Bicep curls

162
Q

What abbreviation shows which part of the lever is in the middle for each one?

A

FLE

  • 1st : Fulcrum
  • 2nd : Load
  • 3rd : Effort
163
Q

How can you work out mechanical advantage?

A

Effort arm / resistance arm

164
Q

What is mechanical advantage?

A

The levers can overcome a large load with little effort

165
Q

What is mechanical disadvantage?

A

When a levers load arm is larger than its effort arm

166
Q

What is a saguaro plane?

A

A vertical division into left and right sides

167
Q

What types of movement occur at sagittal planes?

A

Flexion and extension

168
Q

What is a frontal plane?

A

Vertical division into front and back

169
Q

What type of movement occurs in frontal planes?

A

Adduction and abduction

170
Q

What is a transverse plane?

A

Horizontal division into upper and slower half

171
Q

What type of movement occurs in a transverse plane?

A

Rotation

172
Q

What is a frontal axis?

A

A line running from left to right through centre of body

173
Q

What is a sagittal axis?

A

A line running from front to back through centre of body

174
Q

What is a vertical axis?

A

A line running from top to bottom through the centre of the body

Physical Education (5 decks)

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