Applied Anatomy and Physiology (2)

Question 1

Label the structure used for the pathway of air.

Answer 1

Question 2

Identify the correct order for the pathway of air [5 marks]

Answer 2

1. Mouth/ Nose 2. Trachea 3. Bronchi
2. Bronchioles 5. Alveoli

Question 3

Identify four features of the alveoli that assist in gaseous exchange. [4 marks]

Answer 3

• Large surface area (1)
• Moist walls (1)
• Thin walls or one cell thick (1)
• Surrounded by many capillaries (1)
• Large blood supply (1)
• High concentration of oxygen (1)

Question 4

What is formed when haemoglobin and oxygen combine in the red blood cells?

Answer 4

Oxyhaemoglobin

Question 5

Explain gaseous exchange from the alveoli to capillaries.

Answer 5

-The alveoli has high oxygen concentration.​

-The capillaries surrounding the alveoli have a low concentration of oxygen.​

-Oxygen moves from high concentration to low, through the thin walls of alveoli and capillaries. In this way the capillaries gain oxygen to transport around the body.

Question 6

Explain gaseous exchange from capillaries to alveoli.

Answer 6

-The reverse happens with movement of carbon dioxide.​

• Capillaries surrounding the alveoli have high pressure/concentration of CO₂ (from muscles).​
• Alveoli have low pressure/concentration of CO₂. ​
• Movement of CO₂ from high pressure to low.​
• CO₂ is moved out of the blood into the alveoli to be breathed out.

Question 7

What are the three types of blood vessels?

Answer 7

Arteries, Capillaries and Veins.

Question 8

Arteries
1) What is the structure?
2) What is the function?
3) What is the relevance?

Answer 8

1) Thick muscular elastic walls
Small internal diameter (lumen)
2) Carry blood at high pressure away from the heart.
Mainly carry oxygenated blood (exception pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to lungs from heart.
3) Blood pressure increases during exercise as the working muscles demand more oxygen, increasing the blood flow.

Question 9

Capillaries
1) What is the structure?
2) What is the function?
3) What is the relevance?

Answer 9

1) Very thin walls (only one cell thick)
Small internal diameter
2) Link smaller arteries with smaller veins
Carry blood at very low pressure.
3) Allow gaseous exchange
Allow gases and nutrient to pass through allowing oxygen to the muscles and removing carbon dioxide.

Question 10

Veins
1) What is the structure?
2) What is the function?
3) What is the relevance?

Answer 10

1) Thin walls
Contain valves
Large internal diameter
2) Carry blood at a low pressure towards the heart.
Mainly carry deoxygenated blood (exception: pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from lungs to heart.
3) The wide internal diameter allows blood to pass through easily and the valves help return the blood to the heart by preventing backflow due to low pressure.

Question 11

What is vasconstriction?

Answer 11

• Blood vessels are constricted (squeezed) to make them smaller.
• When you start to exercise, chemical changes trigger from your nervous system.
• These signals cause blood vessels that supply inactive areas (e.g digestive system) to constrict reducing blood flow to these areas.

Question 12

What is vasodilation?

Answer 12

• The blood vessels are dilated to make them bigger.
• When you start to exercise, chemical changes trigger from your nervous system.
  -These signals cause the blood vessels that supply the active areas (working muscles) to dilate, increasing blood flow to these areas. This means these muscles receive more oxygen and nutrients.

Question 13

What is the role of the valves?

Answer 13

To prevent blood flowing backward (1)

Question 14

What is diastole and systole?

Answer 14

Diastole: Is when the heart chamber relaxes and fills blood.​

Systole: Is when the heart chamber contracts, ejecting blood within it.

Question 15

Explain the pathway of blood. [Stretch and challenge: What is parts are diastole and systole?]

Answer 15

• Deoxygenated blood flows into right atrium. (D)​
• Deoxygenated blood then flows into the right ventricle. (D)​
• Right ventricle contracts and the pulmonary artery then transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs. (S)​
• Gas exchange occurs (blood is oxygenated)​
• The pulmonary vein transports oxygenated blood back to the left atrium. (D)​
• Then oxygenated blood flows into the left ventricle. (D)​
• The oxygenated blood is ejected and transported to the body via the aorta. (S)

Question 16

Define the following:
- Heart Rate (HR)
- Stroke Volume (SV)
- Cardiac Output (Q)
- Anticipatory Rise

Answer 16

Heart Rate (HR)- The number of times the heart beats per minute.

Stroke Volume (SV)- The amount of blood ejected from the heart with each beat.

Cardiac Output (Q)- The amount of blood leaving the heart per minute. (Q= SV x HR.)

Anticipatory Rise- A rise in HR prior exercise.

Question 17

What are the short term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system?

Answer 17

Increase in heart rate
Increase in stroke volume
Increase in cardiac output

Question 18

During exercise the lungs expand more to allow a greater volume of air to be breathed in.

Name the two muscles that help the diaphragm and intercostal muscles in this process. [3 marks]

Also name the muscle that helps the diaphragm and intercostal muscles when Exhaling

Answer 18

1) The Pectorals and Sternocleidomastoid

2) Abdominals

Question 19

Adam plays badminton every week at a local leisure centre.

How would the mechanics of Adam’s breathing change during inhalation as a result of exercise? [2 marks]

Answer 19

*   (During inhalation) his lungs can expand more during exercise (1)

*   Due to the use of other muscles (sternocleidomastoid / pectorals) (1)

Question 20

Explain how the lungs can expand more during exercise and why this would be an advantage to a long-distance runner. (5 marks)

Answer 20

During exercise even more room is created in the chest cavity allowing lungs to expand even more at rest (1) as the pectoral muscles also pull the ribcage out (1) and sternocleidomastoid muscles raise the sternum at the front of the ribcage (1). This is an advantage, as a runner can take in enough oxygen (1) and remove the additional carbon dioxide produced during the activity (1).

Question 21

Define inhalation and describe how it takes place at rest.

Refer to the intercostal muscles, rib cage and diaphragm in your answer.

Definition____________________________
Description __________________________
(4 marks)

Answer 21

[AO1 = 1 AO2 = 3]
Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of four marks.

AO1 (sub-max 1 mark)

*Inhalation (inspiration) is the intake of air into the lungs (1)

AO2 (sub-max 3 marks)

*Diaphragm contracts and flattens (moves downwards) (1)

*Intercostal muscles contract (1)

*Rib cage moves up and out or chest cavity becomes larger (1)

*Reducing the pressure inside the lungs (so air is drawn in) (1)

*Molecules (of air) move from high pressure to low pressure (1)

Question 22

What causes inhalation and exhalation?

Answer 22

Changes in air pressure cause the inhalation and exhalation.

Question 23

Define inhalation and describe how it takes place at rest.
Refer to the intercostal muscles, rib cage and diaphragm in your answer.
Definition ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Description _________________________________________________________

Answer 23

Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of four marks.
AO1 (sub-max 1 mark)
*   Inhalation (inspiration) is the intake of air into the lungs (1)
AO2 (sub-max 3 marks)
*   Diaphragm contracts and flattens (moves downwards) (1)
*   Intercostal muscles contract (1)
*   Rib cage moves up and out or chest cavity becomes larger (1)
*   Reducing the pressure inside the lungs (so air is drawn in) (1)
*   Molecules (of air) move from high pressure to low pressure (1)

Question 24

Define Lung Volume.

Answer 24

The capacity of the lungs (how much air they can hold). The greater the volume of lungs, the more air they can hold.

Question 25

Define Tidal Volume.

Answer 25

The amount of air inspired or expired in a normal breath.
Tidal volume increases during exercise

Question 26

Define Residual Volume.

Answer 26

The amount of air that remains in the lungs, even after the forced maximal exhalation.
There is no change In residual volume during exercise.

Question 27

Define Inspiratory reserve volume and
Expiratory reserve volume

Answer 27

Inspiratory Reserve Volume: The extra amount of air that can be forcibly breathed in, in addition to tidal volume.

Expiratory Reserve Volume: The additional amount of air that can be forcibly breathed out, in additional to tidal volume.

These both decrease during exercise.

Question 28

Label A, B, X and Y on the spirometer trace.

Answer 28

A= Residual volume
B= Tidal Volume
X= Inspiratory reserve volume
Y= Expiratory reserve volume

Question 29

Define the Aerobic and Anaerobic energy systems

Answer 29

Aerobic= Glucose + oxygen → energy + water + carbon dioxide

Aerobic uses oxygen as an energy source. ( Long duration and low intensity)

Anaerobic= Glucose → energy + lactic acid

Anaerobic doesn’t use oxygen as an energy source. (Short duration and high intensity)

Question 30

Explain how you know if an activity/sport or part of an activity/sport is Aerobic or Anaerobic?

Answer 30

Aerobic= Low to moderate intensity for a long period of time, for example marathon running or performing for the full duration of a football match

Anaerobic= High intensity for a short period of time, for example Sprinting or Scrummaging

*You don’t have to use the same examples as above

Question 31

In 1999, Michael Johnson set a new world record for the 400m with a time of 43.18 seconds.

(a) Justify why his performance was mainly aerobic or anaerobic.

[4 marks]

Answer 31

AO2 1 mark

Anaerobic
AO3 (sub-max 3 marks)

400m is a sprint event and all sprint events are anaerobic (1)
Maximal intensity / effort and low duration means insufficient oxygen is available to work aerobically (1)
Energy demand is higher than oxygen available, therefore anaerobic (1)
No reduction in intensity / time to rest to repay oxygen debt (1)
Body uses glucose → energy + lactic acid because of the lack of oxygen (1)
Accept any other suitable justification as to why the 400m is an anaerobic event. Answers must include a reasoned justification, linking the demands of the event to how energy is produced.

Question 32

Discuss whether Weight training is Aerobic or Anaerobic exercise [3 marks]

Answer 32

Anaerobic

1- Can improve Maximal strength and Power if the athlete’s lifts weights that are 70% or above 1 rep max.

2- Lactic acid can be produced due to a lack of oxygen, as Weight training can be performed at high intensity and for short duration.

Aerobic

1- Can improve Muscular and Cardiovascular endurance if the athlete lifts Weights Below 70% of 1 rep max.

2- Low intensity, long periods of activity and low rest between sets allows for oxygen to be used as an energy source.

Question 33

1) What does EPOC stand for?

2) Define EPOC.

Answer 33

1) Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption

2) EPOC (oxygen debt) is caused by anaerobic exercise (producing lactic acid) and requires the performer to maintain increased breathing rate after exercise to repay the debt.

Question 33

Explain the process of EPOC [2 marks]

Answer 33

As it is Anaerobic exercise the athlete’s breathing will not increase fast enough to meet the demands of exercise creating an oxygen debt, which is on the left of the diagram.

Once the athlete has finished exercising, there breathing will remain increased to repay the oxygen debt and flush out any lactic acid.

Question 34

1) What does DOMS stand for?

2) Define DOMS.

Answer 34

1) DOMS (Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness).
2) The pain/stiffness felt in the days following strenuous activity.

Question 35

Delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) can occur after vigorous exercise.

Evaluate the use of ice baths to prevent DOMS.
[4 marks]

Answer 35

Used to bring about vasoconstriction / vasodilation to help remove lactic acid and reduce swelling /
inflammation form micro tears in the muscles (1)
Many anaerobic sports produce lactic acid and ice baths can help to reduce DOMS due to
vasoconstriction which forces out blood containing lactic acid (1)
Vasodilation floods the muscles with oxygenated blood after which vasoconstriction helps to flush away waste products to alleviate DOMS (1)
Ice baths may not be accessible in many sports situations (only usually available to elite performers)
and they may require some help to prepare an ice bath (1)
A relatively quick and simple method requiring little / no specialist equipment (1)
Many believe an active recovery of 10 minutes low intensity exercise is just as beneficial (1)
Relatively unpleasant experience due to extreme cold on the body (1)
Accept any other suitable response.
Maximum 4 marks

Question 35

Suggest three factors that can affect Chris’s speed of recovery.
[3 marks]

Answer 35

Chris may participate in a cool down which will speed up removal of lactic acid or bring heart rate to
normal slowly (1)
The manipulation of diet to repair muscles or replenish energy stores or replace essential nutrients (1)
Chris could drink fluids to ensure he is hydrated (1)
Ice baths to prevent DOMS or remove lactic acid (1)

Question 36

Ibrahim participates in a range of athletics events which use different energy systems and muscle groups.

Define anaerobic exercise. Use an example from athletics in your answer.

Definition

Example

(Total 2 marks)

Answer 36

[AO1 = 1 AO2 = 1]

Award one mark for defining anaerobic exercise and one mark for an example from athletics.

AO1 (sub max 1 mark)

*   Exercise in the absence of enough or without oxygen (1)

AO2 (sub max 1 mark)

*   Sprinting/shot putting/high jumping (1)

Question 37

Nell is a 16-year-old who represents her county at both football and netball. She is undertaking an intensive training programme so that she can perform to her maximum potential.

Analyse the different methods that Nell could use to prevent injury and recover from vigorous exercise to optimise her performance. (9 marks)

Answer 37

AO1 – Knowledge of the prevention of injury and the effectiveness to recover from vigorous exercise.

Injury prevention
*Warm up
*Not over training
*Wearing appropriate clothing and footwear
*Taping or bracing where appropriate
*Hydration
*Correct technique
*Rest

Methods of recovery
*Cool down
*Manipulation of diet
*Ice baths
*Massage

AO2 – Application of the different methods of injury prevention and recovery from vigorous exercise

Injury prevention
*Warm up – Nell should stretch but not over stretch or bounce otherwise she could pull a muscle or injure herself warming up.

*Not over training – Nell can match the type of training intensity of work to her individual needs so she is used to the strain on her body in a competition situation.

*Wearing appropriate clothing and footwear – Nell should wear appropriate protective clothing such as shin pads and wear supportive/shock absorbing/protective footwear. This will protect, support and allow safe movement.

*Taping or bracing – to stabilise muscles and joints.

*Hydration – drinking water (or other fluids) is essential to help Nell to replace the fluids lost whilst playing or training.

*Correct technique – Nell should always use the correct technique, especially when attempting to tackle or make contact with opponents.

*Rest – Nell should ensure she has sufficient rest between training sessions and games so that her body has time to fully recover from the stresses of intensive exercise.

Methods of recovery

*Cool down – this involves a gradual reduction in workload taking in light exercise (pulse lowering such as jogging) and some stretching (static or light dynamic) after exercise. Nell should maintain an elevated breathing/heart rate (EPOC) and ensure good blood flow to her muscles to replenish them with oxygen. It will also prevent blood pooling.

*Manipulation of diet – carbohydrates are important before, during and after the game or training as they are stored in the muscles as glycogen which is an energy source. Protein is required for muscular growth and repair.

*Ice baths – Nell can sit in a bath of ice for approximately 10 minutes. This will make the veins vasoconstrict and squeeze out the lactic acid. Once out of the bath, vessels will vasodilate and bring fresh, oxygenated blood to the muscles. This will assist in preventing DOMS and reduce swelling.

*Massage – will increase blood flow, help flush out lactic acid and reduce DOMS.

AO3 – Analysis of the different methods of injury prevention and recovery from vigorous exercise.

Injury prevention

*Warm up – will increase elasticity of the muscles and increase range of movement and therefore Nell will be more effective in a game e.g. stretching for a tackle or reaching for an interception.

*Not over training – Nell should not over train as she will become fatigued or suffer from stress/repetitive injuries. Therefore she will not be able to complete her training programme and participate in matches. Over training could also lead to Nell becoming bored of training (tedium) and may drop out of sport.

*Wearing appropriate clothing and footwear – without correct protective equipment Nell may not go into a tackle with so much force and is therefore less likely to win the ball. If trainers are not supportive enough, Nell might get an ankle injury when changing direction. In any training on grass, Nell will need to wear studs to prevent slipping and injuring herself.

*Taping or bracing where appropriate – this can however mask an injury and cause more damage through a false sense of security long term. Positive deviancy – by using taping or bracing, Nell risks greater injury with a false sense of confidence with tape stabilising her joints. However, taping may help Nell participate more safely as joints are stabilised.

*Hydration – should be maintained so that she is able to fully concentrate and reduce the chance of making a mistake like a mistimed tackle in football.

*Correct technique – will help prevent repetitive strain as correct technique should help reduce unnecessary wear and tear on muscles and joints. Safe technique when tackling will help prevent dangerous contact injuries eg two-footed tackles that may put Nell out of the game. Following rules regarding correct technique is also important in netball as incorrect technique could see persistent penalties and Nell may be substituted or dropped from the team.

*Rest – rest is important to ensure that Nell can play and train effectively and to ensure Nell is ‘fresh’ and ‘energised’ to perform and train on a regular basis.

Methods of recovery

*Cool down – as this helps to reduce lactic acid and prevent the delayed onset of muscular soreness (DOMS) to enable a quicker and more effective recovery.

*Manipulation of diet – the more glycogen that is stored will reduce the length and severity of the recovery period. This will enable Nell to train and compete in both sports throughout the week and be ready for the next game or training session. Protein will also encourage muscle hypertrophy whereby the muscles will get stronger and more powerful which will make Nell more effective in a game eg she can kick the ball harder and her passes are less likely to be intercepted and she is less like to be knocked off the ball.

*Ice baths – the fresh oxygenated blood will help the muscles to recover more quickly, allowing Nell to take part in training more frequently.

*Massage – massage will increase the blood flow to a sore area, speeding up the recovery/healing process and reducing pain. This can also prevent or reduce swelling, DOMS and prevent muscle fatigue. This will mean that Nell will be able to play the following day.

Question 38

Evaluate how appropriate an ice bath may be to aid the recovery of a performer immediately after a game of badminton. ( 9 marks)

Answer 38

AO1 – Knowledge of ice baths, e.g.

• A method used for recovery purposes to remove lactic acid / procedures for using an ice bath (Involves sitting in ice cold water for) between 5–20 minutes / physiological explanation

AO2 – Application to badminton, e.g.

• Badminton can be aerobic and anaerobic, i.e. can be long duration and low intensity but equally can be fast paced / intensive
• Recovery may be needed after badminton due to lactic acid build up
• Changes of direction / speed around the court / movement around the court means that EPOC required due to anaerobic components
• Rallies can be long and exhaustive
• DOMS may occur after badminton / muscle soreness

AO3 – Analysis / evaluation of the appropriateness of an ice bath to aid the recovery of a performer after a game of badminton

• Ice baths may not be readily accessible in indoor spaces / sports halls / leisure centres
• Would require some help assistance / to prepare ice bath / help in and out
• Because of the nature of badminton (sprints / anaerobic elements) lactic acid can be a major issue and any method to reduce this is viable
• If available, fairly quick and simplistic method requiring little / no specialist equipment
• Could be incorporated into a cool down after a badminton match fairly easily
• All muscles used in a badminton match can be submerged in water thus causing extremities to experience the process / vasoconstrict / vasodilate
• Not particularly pleasant due to extreme cold and similar results could be experienced simply by cooling down / stretching

Question 39

What are the five immediate effects of exercise?

Answer 39

1) Getting Hot
2) Getting Sweaty
3) Having red skin
4) Increased depth and frequency breathing
5) Increased heart rate

Question 40

What are the five short term effects of exercise?

Answer 40

1) Fatigue
2) Light headedness/nausea
3) Aching muscles
4) Cramp
5) DOMS

Question 41

If fatigue occurs, it can affect performance.

(i) What is meant by fatigue? (2)

(ii) Give an example from a physical activity and explain the effect that fatigue could have on that performance. (2)

Answer 41

(i) Award up to two marks for correctly stating what fatigue is:

• When the body, or parts of the body, get so tired/through the
  amount of work they have been called on to do/that they stop
  working properly, or sometimes altogether.

Accept the above plus any other suitable examples.
(ii) Award up to two marks for correctly giving an example of fatigue
occurring in a physical activity:

• A games player being so tired near the end of a game/that their
  skill levels decrease and/or they are no longer able to carry on.

Accept the above plus any other suitable examples.

Question 42

Michael is starting a 12-week training programme.
Identify four long-term effects of exercise.

(Total 4 marks

Answer 42

[AO1 = 4]

Award one mark for each of the following up to a maximum of four marks.

*Body shape may change (1)
*Build muscle strength (1)
*Improve muscular endurance (1)
*Improve speed (1)
*Improve suppleness (1)
*Build cardiovascular endurance (1)
*Improve stamina (1)
*Increase in the size of the heart (hypertrophy) (1)
*Lower resting heart rate (bradycardia) (1)
*Decrease risk of heart attack/or equivalent (1)
*Decrease levels of anxiety or stress (1)

Accept any other suitable response.

Question 43

Using the principles of training, analyse how the long term benefits of training are important to games player. [9 marks]

Answer 43

AO1 – Knowledge of the principles of training and the long-term benefits of training eg
Principles of training
* Specificity
* Progressive overload (FITT)
* Tedium
Long-term benefits of training
* Body shape may change.
* Improvements to specific components of fitness.
* Build muscular strength.
* Improve muscular endurance.
* Improve speed.
* Improve suppleness.
* Build cardiovascular endurance.
* Improve stamina.
* Increase in the size of the heart (hypertrophy).
MARK SCHEME – GCSE PHYSICAL EDUCATION – 8582/1 – JUNE 2023
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* Lower resting heart rate (bradycardia).
AO2 – Application of the principles of training and the long-term benefits of training to a games
player eg
Principles of training
* Games players need to apply the principles of training (SPORT and FITT) if they are to make progress
in their sport or activity.
* Games players need to train specifically for their chosen sport or activity.
* Games players require a range of the components of fitness to perform, depending on their sport or
activity.
* Games players need to work on their fitness and bring about long-term improvements if they are to
progress.
Long-term benefits of training
* By applying the principles of fitness to exercise over months and years a games player may
experience many beneficial long-term effects on their body.
AO3 Using the principles of training to gain fitness, analyse how the long-term benefits of
training are important to a games player eg
Principles of training
* A games player would train specifically for the demands of their sport or activity eg a games player
would practice, dribbling, passing and shooting.
* A games player may also work on both the aerobic (low-intensity movement around the pitch / court)
and anaerobic (sprinting and jumping) system as most games require both energy systems.
* A games player may work specifically on the position or role they play in the game.
* A games player would develop their skills and fitness by using progressive overload, so that they can
gradually improve both skills and fitness. This would be achieved by gradually increasing FITT.
* A games player would look to include variety into their training sessions so as not to suffer from
tedium and lose motivation for training and playing.
Long-term benefits of training
* A games player’s body shape may change allowing them to be more agile and energy efficient whilst
playing their chosen sport or activity.
* A games player may gradually improve numerous components of fitness to enable them to play with
more success or at a higher level, eg agility to dribble around opponents and power to jump higher
when attacking a ball.
* A games player may increase their muscular strength so that they can shoot further from further out or
throw a long pass effectively.
* A games player may improve their muscular endurance allowing them to play at a higher intensity of
longer or complete the game.
* A games player may increase their speed enabling them to move up and down the pitch / court
quicker, eg a fast break or moving quickly back into a defensive position.
* A games player may increase their suppleness which will help in their technique and help to prevent
overstretching injuries.
* A games player may increase their cardiovascular endurance and stamina enabling them to continue
playing the game and recovering quicker.
MARK SCHEME – GCSE PHYSICAL EDUCATION – 8582/1 – JUNE 2023
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* A games player may see an increase in the size of their heart (hypertrophy) and a lower resting heart
rate (bradycardia) which will assist in meeting the oxygen demands of the sport and enable them to
recover quicker.
* A games player will learn and appreciate the need for following various methods of recovery from
playing the games eg cool down, manipulation of diet, ice baths / massage.
* A games player will learn and appreciate the need to follow a number of considerations to prevent
injury, eg correct technique / warm up.

Question 44

Amar has been training for months in preparation to complete a half marathon. He trains four times a week and does a mixture of steady state running, stretching and weight training.

(a) Amar’s cardiovascular endurance will improve as a result of completing steady state running.

State three other long-term effects that Amar is likely to experience as a result of completing steady state running.

Answer 44

*   Body shape may change to less fat content / leaner (1)

*   Improved muscular endurance (1)

*   Improved stamina (1)

*   Increase in the size of the heart / hypertrophy (1)

*   Lower resting heart rate / bradycardia (1)