Applied Anatomy and Physiology (1) Flashcards
Identify and touch the 15 bones.
What are the three types of bones?
Long, Short and Flat
Describe the characteristics of each bone type and give an example.
Long bones enable gross movement by working as a lever. (Humerous and Femur)
Short bones are wide as they are long. Allow finer, controlled movements. The carpals (in the wrist) The tarsals (in the ankle)
Flat bones provide protection of vital organs and a broad surface for muscles to attach to. (Cranium, Ribs and Scapula)
Explain three functions of the skeleton [3marks]
1.Blood cell production- Red blood cells are created in the bone marrow, red blood cells are crucial to aerobic activities as they transport oxygen to the working muscles and remove the waste product Carbon dioxide.
2.Storage of minerals- are essential to major bodily functions, minerals such as calcium are linked to general health.
3.Protection of Viral organs- The flat bones provide protection to the vital organs, such as the cranium. This is important for an athlete as it reduces the likelihood of injury
4.Shape and Structure- The skeleton provides basic structure to keep our frame. Also, the bones provide the muscles with something to attach to via the tendon
5.Support- The skeleton provides us with support, without it we would be a mass of soft tissue
6.Movement- In combination with the muscular system the skeletal system allows movement to occur, as the muscles pull on the bones to allow sporting movement to take place.
Identify the different parts of a Synovial joint.
What are the functions of each part of the synovial joint?
1) Cartilage
2) Ligaments
3) Synovial membrane
4) Joint capsule
5)Synovial fluid
6)Bursae
1) Cartilage is a shiny, elastic material that:
Reduces friction and Absorbs shock. The structure lines the ends of the bone at a joint.
2) Ligaments connect bone to bone and stabilise the joint, holding the bones in the correct position.
3) The synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid which provides stability by limiting movement.
4) The joint capsule surrounds the synovial joint. It is attached to the outer layer of the bones forming the joint. It:
Seals the joint and Provides stability to the joint
5) Synovial fluid:
-Lubricates and reduces friction in the joint
-Supplies nutrients to the joint
-Removes waste products from the joint
6) Bursae are sacks of fluid with reduce friction.
They:
-Acts as a cushion between the bone and another part of the joint, such as the tendons or muscles.
Where is the hinge joint located?
What movement occurs at the hinge joint?
Knee, Ankle and Elbow
Flexion and Extension
Where is the ball and socket joint located?
What movement occurs at the ball and socket joint?
Shoulder and Hip
Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction and Circumduction
What is plantar flexion and which joint does this happen?
The action of pointing toes away from the body.
Ankle joint
What is dorsi-flexion and which joint does this happen?
The action of pulling toes towards the body.
Ankle Joint
Define the following and give a sporting example:
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Rotation/Circumduction
Flexion- a decrease in joint angle.
Extension- an increase at joint angle.
Abduction- movement away from the midline of the body.
Adduction- movement towards the midline body.
Rotation/Circumduction- when the bone at a joint moves around its own axis making a circular movement.
What is the role of the tendons?
The role of the tendons is to join (skeletal) muscle to bone. Tendons are formed of a tough connective tissue.
Tendons are relevant to physical activity because they hold the muscle to the bone- when the muscle contracts it pulls on the bone causing movement at joints.
Explain and give a sporting example of how the antagonistic muscles work to produce movement.
Muscles working together are antagonistic pairs.
While one muscle contracts another relaxes to create movement.
The muscle contracting is the agonist (prime mover).
The muscle relaxing is the antagonist.
Example 1= During the upward phase of a bicep curl the bicep is the agonist and the tricep is the antagonist, at the elbow joint.
Example 2= When performing the downward phase of a press up the tricep is the agonist and bicep is the antagonist, at the elbow joint
Example 3= When performing the downward phase of a squat the Quadriceps act as agonist and the Hamstrings act as the agonist, at the knee joint
What tip can you use to identify the Agonist or Antagonist muscle, at each joint?
Perform the movement yourself as hard as you can and the muscle in agony is the agonist, then the antagonist is opposite.
E.g perform the upward phase of a bicep curl, pull your fist to your deltoid until touching and you will feel your bicep in “Agony”
Analyse how the muscles in the lower leg enable the long jumper to execute the correct technique in Figure 2. (4 marks)
The muscles in the lower leg are the gastrocnemius and the tibialis anterior (1). The tibialis anterior contracts (1) to dorsiflex the ankle (1) whilst the gastrocnemius relaxes. This allows the long jumper to bring toes up to jump further (1).
The image shows a performer weight training. This movement is brought about by the muscular and skeletal systems working together.
Explain how the muscles and bones work together to produce the movement from position A to position B.
[AO2 = 3]
Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of three marks. Answers must refer to the movement from A to B
* Bicep is the agonist / the prime mover which contracts / shortens to cause the movement from A to B (1)
* Biceps are attached to bones in the lower arm via tendons (1)
* Biceps contraction causes a pull on the bones in the lower arm (radius) (1)
* Causing flexion at the elbow (1)
* Tricep is the antagonist which relaxes / lengthens during the movement (1)
