Applied Anatomy And Physiology

Question 1

Musculoskeletal system

Answer 1

The name used to describe the muscular system and the skeletal system working together.

Question 2

The function of the skeleton

Answer 2

• Support - bones offer the framework to support the body and house vital organs.
• Protection of vital organs - different types of bones protect vital organs such as heart, brain and lungs.
• Movement - bones act as levers for muscles to allow the body to move.
• Mineral storage - bones store minerals such as calcium and phosphate.
• Blood cell production - bone marrow creates blood cells.
• Structure - our skeleton gives us shape, like our height and build.

Question 3

Types of bones

Answer 3

Long bones - enable gross movement - femur, tibia, humerus.
Short bones - enable finer controlled movements - tarsal, carpals.
Flat bones - often quite large and usually protect vital organs - cranium, ribs, pelvis.
Irregular bones - are specifically shaped to protect - vertebrae

Question 4

Synovial joint definition

Answer 4

type of joint commonly found in the limbs; contains a synovial membrane that produces synovial fluid.

Question 5

Synovial joints structure + function

Answer 5

• The outer layer of the capsule often includes ligaments that join bones to bones and strengthen the joint to prevent unnecessary movements and possible dislocations.
• The synovial membrane lining the capsule produces an oily synovial fluid which lubricates the joint to prevent friction and wear.
• Small bags of synovial fluid, known as bursae, surround the join to reduce friction from the movement of tendons across the surface of the joint.

Question 6

Hinge and ball and socket joint

Answer 6

hinge - joint that allows flexion and extension
ball and socket - joint that allows many movements such as flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation and circumduction.

Question 7

Flexion + extension

Answer 7

Flexion - a movement where the angle between the bone of a joint is reducing
Extension - a movement where the angle between the bones of a joint is increasing

Question 8

Abduction + adduction

Answer 8

Abduction - movement where limbs are moved away from the body
Adduction - movement where limbs are moved back towards the body

Question 9

Rotation + circumduction

Answer 9

Rotation - turning a limb on its long axis
Circumduction - movement when a limb is held straight and is moved as if to draw circles with the hand/foot at arm’s/leg’s length

Question 10

Meniscus + cruciate ligaments

Answer 10

Meniscus - the cartilage acting as a shock absorber between the tibia and femur in the knee joint
Cruciate ligaments - attach tibia to femur in the knee joint