Applied anatomy and physiology

Question 1

Describe the 4 main features and their function within a synovial joint
(4 marks)

Answer 1

Ligaments- connect bone to bone
Synovial fluid- reduces friction between the articular cartilage in the joint
Articular cartilage- acts as a shock absorber and prevents friction between the articulating bones
Synovial membrane- secretes synovial fluid

Question 2

What is the antagonist of the iliopsoas, what joint does it act upon, what movement is produced and give a sporting example of when it is being used as the agonist (4 marks)

Answer 2

• Gluteus maximus
• Hip joint
• Flexion
• Knee drive in high jump

Question 3

What is the antagonist of the bicep femoris, what joint does it act upon, what movement is produced and give a sporting example of when it is being used as the agonist (4 marks)

Answer 3

• rectus femoris
• knee
• flexion
• preparation phase of kicking a football

Question 4

What is the antagonist of the tibialis anterior, what joint does it act upon, what movement is produced and give a sporting example of when it is being used as the agonist (4 marks)

Answer 4

• gastrocnemius
• ankle
• dorsiflexion
• when a sprinter drives their knee upwards the foot is parallel with the ground in a state of dorsiflexion

Question 5

What is the antagonist of the gluteus maximus, what joint does it act upon, what movement is produced and give a sporting example of when it is being used as the agonist (4 marks)

Answer 5

• iliopsoas
• hip
• extension
• preparation phase of kicking a football

Question 6

What is the antagonist of the soleus, what joint does it act upon, what movement is produced and give a sporting example of when it is being used as the agonist (4 marks)

Answer 6

• tibialis anterior
• ankle
• plantarflexion (remember p for point)
• take-off in long jump

Question 7

What is the antagonist of the adductor longus, brevis and magnus, what joint does it act upon, what movement is produced and give a sporting example of when it is being used as the agonist (4 marks)

Answer 7

• gluteus Medius and minimus
• hip
• adduction
• when a gymnast brings their legs back towards their midline after a straddle jump

Question 8

What is the antagonist of the gluteus Medius, what joint does it act upon, what movement is produced and give a sporting example of when it is being used as the agonist (4 marks)

Answer 8

• adductors longus, brevis and magnus as well as gluteus maximus
• hip
• medial rotation and abduction
• execution phase of a star jump

Question 9

What is the antagonist of the rectus femoris, what joint does it act upon, what movement is produced and give a sporting example of when it is being used as the agonist (4 marks)

Answer 9

• biceps femoris
• knee
• extension
• execution phase of kicking a football

Question 10

What is the antagonist of the gastrocnemius, what joint does it act upon, what movement is produced and give a sporting example of when it is being used as the agonist (4 marks)

Answer 10

• tibialis anterior
• ankle
• plantarflexion
• take-off in high jump

Question 11

What is the antagonist of the gluteus minimus, what joint does it act upon, what movement is produced and give a sporting example of when it is being used as the agonist (4 marks)

Answer 11

• adductor longus, brevis and magnus and gluteus maximus
• hip
• abduction and medial rotation
• the last step in javelin when the thrower plants their foot away from the midline of their body

Question 12

What happens to the pp02 as altitude increases

Answer 12

The pp02 decreases

Question 13

What are the impacts that low pp02 has on oxygen in the blood and muscle cells?

Answer 13

• decreased saturation of haemoglobin
• decreased oxygen transportation to the muscles
• reduced diffusion of oxygen into the muscle cells

Question 14

what affect