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Unit 1 Biology > Applictions Of DNA Technology > Flashcards

Applictions Of DNA Technology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What genomes do eukaryotic cells have?

A

Nuclear genome

Mitochondrial genome

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1
Q

What is the genome?

A

The complete complement of the genetic information of an organism

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2
Q

What do we use electrophoresis for?

A

To separate DNA fragments of different lengths.

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3
Q

Is DNA negatively charged or positively charged?

A

Negatively

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4
Q

How do you denature DNA?

A

Breaking the hydrogen bonds by heating the DNA to approximately 95 degrees

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5
Q

What is the term used to describe the formation of a double stranded molecule from single strands?

A

Hybridising/ annealing

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6
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are between A-T bases?

A

2

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7
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are between C-G bases?

A

3

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8
Q

What are probes?

A

Single stranded sequences of DNA that have been labelled either radioactively or with a fluorescent tag

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9
Q

What is needed for DNA sequencing?

A

DNA fragments
Sequencing technology accurate and fast
Computer hardware and software available for analysis

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10
Q

What is needed in the dideoxy chain-termination method?

A

DNA polymerase
Primer
4 deoxynucleotide triphosphates
4 labelled deoxynucleotide triphosphates

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11
Q

What are the products of dideoxy chain termination method?

A

A large number of fragments differings in length by one base and ending in a particular ddNTP

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12
Q

What does BST stand for?

A

Bovine somatotrophin

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13
Q

What is Bovine somatotrophin?

A

Growth hormone from Monsanto

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14
Q

What does Bovine somatotrophin do?

A

Increases milk production

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15
Q

What are the problems with Bovine somatotrophin?

A

Technical aspects

Animal welfare

16
Q

Why is Bovine somatotrophin not harmful to humans?

A

Because it is digested in the gut

17
Q

How is Bovine somatotrophin formed?

A

Cloned into E.coli cells where it is expressed.

18
Q

Name some genetically engineered products

A

Vaccines
Antibodies
Growth hormones

19
Q

Why is genetic modification used?

A

To improve some aspect that would benefit the producer or consumer

20
Q

Name some animal improvements?

A

Increased milk/ meat yield

Increased shelf life of fruits and vegetables

21
Q

Name some plant improvements?

A

Disease/ drought/ herbicide/ pesticide resistance
Increased yield
More controllable growth

22
Q

What is genetic modification?

A

Inserting genes for the desired characteristic into the host’s DNA

23
Q

What is needed for the production of transgenic plants?

A

Suitable vector

Mechanism for regenerating whole plants

24
Q

Name a commonly used vector and where it is found?

A

Ti plasmid

Found in soul bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens

25
Q

What are the symptoms of cystic fibrosis?

A

Inflammation of the lungs
Persistent bacterial infection
Defects in pancreatic function
Production of salty sweat

26
Q

How is Cystic fibrosis caused?

A

Mutation in CFTR protein

27
Q

What is the result of a mutation in the CFTR protein?

A

Sticky mucus builds up in the lungs

28
Q

How can we test for Cystic fibrosis?

A

Polymerase chain reaction

Electrophoresis

29
Q

What is the result of a mutation in the DMD gene?

A

Affects dystrophin

Causes progressive wasting of the muscles resulting in reduced life expectancy

30
Q

What does DMD stand for?

A

Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

31
Q

What is gene therapy?

A

Possibility of cloning and using a good copy of a gene to overcome the problems caused by a genetic disease

32
Q

What is gene therapy used for?

A

Target cause of disease
Kill abnormal cells
Inhibit the spread of viruses

33
Q

Which stage in the polymerase chain reaction is carried out at 95 degrees?

A

Separation of DNA strands

Unit 1 Biology (14 decks)

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