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CYTOGEN > Application of Molecular Techniques in the Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Application of Molecular Techniques in the Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

These are conditions or diseases associated with pathogens.

A

Infectious Disease

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2
Q

These are microorganisms or microbes which has the capability to cause diseases.

A

Pathogens

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3
Q

Give the four most commonly encountered microorganisms

A

Bacteria, Fungi, Virus, and Parasites.

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4
Q

This also referred to molecular techniques

A

genotype assays or genotype testing or genotyping

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5
Q

When we say we want to “identify it” we are referring to what?

A

genus and species

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6
Q

Why do we need to identify the genus and species?

A

it will be the basis of the treatment

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7
Q

HOW TO ISOLATE THE PATHOGEN?

A

through phenotyping analysis

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8
Q

Phenotype focuses more on what?

A

physiological or physiologic properties of microorganism

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9
Q

It is the most common example of microscopic assays or microscopic tests for identifying the presence of microorganisms

A

staining procedures

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10
Q

When it comes to staining, we will only know the what?

A

presence or absence of the microorganisms

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11
Q

it is done in the lab routinely to identify a specific name of the microorganisms

A

culture

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12
Q

It means growing the microorganisms outside the body using artificial environment

A

culture

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13
Q

when we culture a sample into the medium, after __ to__ hours majority of the microorganisms will grow

A

24 - 48 hrs

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14
Q

It denotes the presence or growth of bacteria or pathogen

A

Colonies

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15
Q

It is done to know the genus and species

A

follow up testing

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16
Q

2 ways to detect the pathogens

A

Diagnosis using NAATS and SEQUENCING

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17
Q

NAATS means?

A

Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques

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18
Q

main advantage of NAAC

A

can multiply a minute of small amount of samples

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19
Q

common sequences targeted in BACTERIA?

A

16S rRNA and 23S rRNA

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20
Q

common target sequence if it is FUNGI?

A

18S rRNA

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21
Q

What is the importance of identifiers and sequences?

A

will be used as basis for designing primers

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22
Q

Bartonellae species belongs to the?

A

Fastidious Microorganisms or Fastidious bacterium

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23
Q

this bacterium is very selective in such a way that it requires a special environment

A

Fastidious

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24
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Bartonellae species is also arthropod borne

A

True

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25
Q

Arthropod borne are acquired via?

A

blood sucking insects

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26
Q

Why do we need to perform molecular techniques for this type of genus? (Bartonellae Species)

A

it is fastidious meaning it is difficult to grow in the lab as it requires a lot of special requirements.

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27
Q

It is the most commonly used method of diagnosis

A

Serology

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28
Q

This is used to differentiate lots of species

A

Molecular Assays or Genotyping

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29
Q

It used to screen presence of Bartonellae. It is also most commonly used assay

A

Real-time PCR techniques

30
Q

This infection acquired mainly by blood sucking insects — specifically infected ticks

A

Borella Species

31
Q

What is the main arthropod responsible for the spread of infections associated with Borella?

A

Infected ticks

32
Q

One unique features of Borella species is that this genus is under the group of what?

A

Spirochetes

33
Q

It refers to bacteria that have spiral shape

A

Spirochetes

34
Q

When the physician observes this to patient, it is highly possible that the causative agent is associated with Borella species

A

Bull’s eye

35
Q

This species may actually be seen when you perform blood smear preparation

A

Borella species

36
Q

This bacterium is an important cause of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) specifically in the
United States (US)

A

Chlamydia Trachomatis

37
Q

it is considered as one of the best targets, specifically for the amplification technique

A

cryptic plasmid

38
Q

plasmid contains

A

introns or the intracellular sequences

39
Q

A microorganism that is difficult to grow using the classical method because it is an anaerobe.

A

CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILEA

40
Q

For an anaerobic microorganism to grow, there should be no _______ in the environment

A

No OXYGEN

41
Q

This species is an important cause of nosocomial type of diarrhea

A

Clostridium difficilae

42
Q

best method to use to identify c. difficilae

A

Tissue Culture cytotoxin assay

43
Q

is a bacterium which is commonly missed out because it is not quick to be identified.

A

MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE

44
Q

It is the only bacteria that has no cell wall

A

Mycoplasma Pneumoniae

45
Q

Most commonly used and one of the best targets for identification in mycoplasma pneumoniae

A

P1

46
Q

This bacterium is transmitted
mainly through arthropod-borne insects or blood-sucking insects

A

Rickettsia Species

47
Q

3 unique manifestations or symptoms seen in patients with Rickettsia

A

fever, rash, presence of eschar

48
Q

Rickettsia can be diagnose through

A

PCR-Based Technique

49
Q

It is one of the most common isolates in the laboratory

A

Staphylococcus aereus

50
Q

It is an invasive, life-threatening infection associated with S. aureus

A

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)

51
Q

It is mainly due to mutation of MecA and MecB gene of S. aureus

A

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)

52
Q

it is the causative agent of pneumoniae

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

53
Q

best assay to use in laboratory targets in streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Autolysin (lytA)

54
Q

It causes numerous types of
infections with varying conditions

A

Streptococcus Pyogenes

55
Q

Other name for Streptococcus pyogenes

A

Group A Streptococcus (GAS)

56
Q

other name for Streptococcus agalactiae

A

Group B Streptococcus

57
Q

it is clinically significant to neonates/newborn because
it is a very important cause of a highly life-threatening condition

A

Streptococcus agalactiae

58
Q

the most common which is almost present in all medically important fungi is

A

internal transcribed spacer (ITS) – universal target gene.

59
Q

What family is HIV belongs to?

A

Retroviridae

60
Q

Genus of HIV?

A

Lentivirus

61
Q

among the 2 types of HIV, it is the majority causative agent of HIV infections

A

HIV 1

62
Q

In HIV, the main focus of molecular detection or the main target is

A

gag gene —–> p24 product

63
Q

It is the target for drugs or treatment for HIV

A

pol gene and env gene

64
Q

Most commonly used technique in testing HIV

A

western blot

65
Q

The confirmatory method fot HIV detection

A

western blot

66
Q

This group of virus contains lots of strains which causes different wide varying types of infection.

A

Human Papillomavirus

66
Q

This virus can cause cancer (malignant)

A

Human papillomavirus

67
Q

The most popular HPV that cause cancer.

A

HPV16/ HPV 18

68
Q

medically important genes that are being detected in Human Papillomavirus

A

E6 and E7

69
Q

An emerging technique in Microbiology used for identification of genus and species of microorganisms

A

MALDI-TOF MS

70
Q
A

CYTOGEN (11 decks)

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