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FUNDAMENTALS OF MATERIAL SCIENCE > Application And Processing Of Metal Alloys > Flashcards

Application And Processing Of Metal Alloys Flashcards

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1
Q

2 groups of metal alloys

A

Ferrous and nonferrous

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2
Q

Principal constituents of ferrous alloy

A

Iron

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3
Q

produced in larger quantities than any other metal type

A

Ferrous alloys

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4
Q

Factors for the use of ferrous alloys

A

Abundant quantities
Economical extraction
Extremely versatile

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5
Q

principal disadvantage of many ferrous alloys

A

susceptibility to corrosion

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6
Q

iron–carbon alloys that may contain appreciable concentrations of other alloying elements

A

Steel

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7
Q

contain only residual concentrations of impurities other than carbon and a little manganese

A

Plain carbon steels

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8
Q

Of all the different steels, those produced in the greatest quantities

A

Low-carbon steel

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9
Q

Microstructures consist of ferrite constituents

A

Low-Carbon Steel

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10
Q

relatively soft and weak but have out standing ductility and toughness

A

Low-Carbon Steel

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11
Q

contain other alloying elements such as copper, vanadium, nickel

A

High-strength, low-alloy Steel

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12
Q

may be strengthened by heat treatment, they are ductile, formable, and machinable

A

High-strength low-alloy steel

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13
Q

more resistant to corrosion than the plain carbon steels

A

High-strength, low-alloy steel

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14
Q

contain less than about 0.25 wt% C and are unresponsive to heat treatments intended to form marten site

A

Low-Carbon steel

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15
Q

have carbon concentrations between about 0.25 and 0.60 wt%

A

Medium-Carbon steel

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16
Q

These alloys may be heat-treated by austenitizing, quenching, and then tempering to improve their mechanical properties.

A

Medium-Carbon steels

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17
Q

often utilized in the tempered condition, having microstructures of tempered marten site

A

Medium-Carbon Steels

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18
Q

have low harden abilities and can be successfully heat-treated only in very thin sections and with very rapid quenching rates

A

Medium-Carbon Steels

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19
Q

responsible for the classification and specification of steels as well as other alloys

A

SAE, AISI, ASTM

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20
Q

having carbon contents between 0.60 and 1.4 wt%

A

High-carbon steel

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21
Q

hardest, strongest, and yet least ductile of the carbon steels

A

High-carbon steel

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22
Q

almost always used in a hardened and tempered condition and, as such, are especially wear resistant and capable of holding a sharp cutting edge

A

High-carbon steel

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23
Q

usually containing chromium, vanadium, tungsten, and molybdenum

A

High-carbon steel

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24
Q

highly resistant to corrosion (rusting) in a variety of environments, especially the ambient atmosphere

A

Stainless steel

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25
Q

predominant alloying element is chromium (11%wt)

A

Stainless steel

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26
Q

Classes of stainless steel

A

Martensitic, ferritic, or austenitic

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27
Q

capable of being heat-treated in such a way that martensite is the prime microconstituent.

A

Martensitic stainless steel

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28
Q

composed of the a-ferrite (BCC) phase

A

Ferritic stainless steel

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29
Q

Austenitic and ferritic stainless steels are hardened and strengthened by_________

A

Cold work

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30
Q

most corrosion resistant because of the high chromium contents and also the nickel additions

A

Autenitic stainless steel

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31
Q

martensitic and ferritic stainless steels are

A

Magnetic

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32
Q

class of ferrous alloys with carbon contents above 2.14 wt%

A

Cast iron

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33
Q

is a meta stable compound, and under some circumstances it can be made to dissociate or decompose to form α-ferrite and graphite

A

Cementite

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34
Q

carbon exists as graphite, and both microstructure and mechanical behavior depend on composition and heat treatment

A

Cast iron

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35
Q

carbon and silicon contents of gray cast irons vary between 2.5 and 4.0 wt% and 1.0 and 3.0 wt%, respectively

A

Gray iron

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36
Q

graphite exists in the form of flakes

A

Gray iron

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37
Q

weak and brittle in tension but strength and ductility are much higher under compressive loads

A

Gray iron

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38
Q

Adding a small amount of magnesium and/or cerium to the gray iron before casting, Graphite forms as nodules or sphere

A

Nodule iron

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39
Q

most of the carbon exists as cementite

A

White iron

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40
Q

extremely hard but also very brittle

A

White iron

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41
Q

has a wormlike (or vermicular) shape

A

Compacted graphite iron

42
Q

Alloys thatare so brittle that forming or shaping by appreciable deformation is not possible typically are cast

A

Cast alloys

43
Q

amenable tomechanical deformation

A

Wrought alloy

44
Q

have been utilized in quite a variety of applications since antiquity

A

Copper and copper based alloy

45
Q

soft and ductile that it is difficult to machine

A

Unalloy copper

46
Q

highly resistant to corrosion in diverse environments including the ambient atmosphere, seawater, and some industrial chemicals

A

Copper

47
Q

most common heat-treatable copper alloys

A

Beryllium copper

48
Q

characterized by a relatively low density (2.7 g/cm3 as compared to 7.9 g/cm3 for steel), high electrical and thermal conductivities, and a resistance to corrosion in some common environments, including the ambient atmosphere

A

Aluminum

49
Q

Its chief limitation is low melting temperature

A

Aluminum

50
Q

its alloys are used where light weight

A

Magnesium

51
Q

has an HCP crystal structure, is relatively soft, and has a low elastic modulus: 45 GPa (6.5X106 psi) and at room temperature it is difficult to deform

A

Magnesium

52
Q

possess an extraordinary combination of properties and its alloys are highly ductile and easily forged and machined.

A

Titanium

53
Q

Metals that have extremely high melting temperatures

A

Refractory metal

54
Q

Interatomic bonding in these metals is extremely strong, which accounts for the melting temperatures, large elastic modulus and high strengths and hardnesses at ambient as well as elevated temperatures

A

Refactory metal

55
Q

withstand exposure to severely oxidizing environments and high temperatures for reasonable time periods

A

Super alloy

56
Q

Soft , Ductile , Oxidation Resistant

A

Noble metal

57
Q

highly resistant to corrosion in many environments, especially those that are basic (alkaline)

A

Nickel

58
Q

mechanically soft and weak, have low melting temperatures, are quite resistant to many corrosion environments, and have recrystallization temperatures below room temperature.

A

Lead and tin

59
Q

Fabrication Techniques

A

Casting, powder metallurgy, welding and machining

60
Q

Plastic deformation

A

Forging, rolling, extrusion and drawing

61
Q

When deformation is achieved at a temperature above that at which recrystallization occurs

A

Hot working

62
Q

mechanically working or deforming a single piece of a normally hot metal

A

Forging

63
Q

accomplished by the application of successive blows or by continuous squeezing

A

Forging

64
Q

classified as either closed or open die

A

Forging

65
Q

force is brought to bear on two or more die halves having the finished shape

A

Close die

66
Q

used in the production of sheet, strip, and foil with a high quality surface finish

A

Cold rolling

67
Q

fabricated using grooved rolls that have rather complicated cross-sectional geometries

A

Rails

68
Q

bar of metal is forced through a die orifice by a compressive force thatis applied to a ram

A

Extrusion

69
Q

pulling of a metal piece through a die having a tapered bore by means of a tensile force that is applied on the exit side

A

Drawing

70
Q

fabrication process whereby a totally molten metal is poured into a mold cavity having the desired shape

A

Casting

71
Q

two-piece mold is formed by packing sand around a pattern that has the shape of the intended casting

A

Sand Casting

72
Q

usually incorporated into the mold to expedite the flow of molten metal into the cavity and to minimize internal casting defects

A

Gating system

73
Q

liquid metal is forced into a mold under pressure and at a relatively high velocity and allowed to solidify with the pressure maintained

A

Die Casting

74
Q

two piece permanent steel mold or die is employed

A

Die casting

75
Q

pattern is made from a waxor plastic that has a low melting temperature.

A

Investment casting

76
Q

What is usually used in investment casting

A

Plaster in paris

77
Q

Variation of investment casting

A

Lost foam

78
Q

the expendable pattern is a foam that can be formed by compressing polystyrene beads into the desired shape and then bonding them together by heating

A

Lost-foam casting

79
Q

simpler, quicker, and less expensive process and there are fewer environmental wastes

A

Lost foam casting

80
Q

What are the metal alloys that most commonly use in loastgfoam casting technique

A

cast irons and aluminum alloys

81
Q

refined and molten metal is cast directly into a continuous strand that may have either a rectangular or circular cross section

A

Continous casting

82
Q

involves the compaction of powdered metal followed by a heat treatment to produce a denser piece

A

Powder metallurgy

83
Q

This method is especially suitable for metals having low ductilities

A

Powder metallurgy

84
Q

two or more metal parts are joined to form a single piece when one-part fabrication is expensive or inconvenient

A

Welding

85
Q

refers to a heat treatment in which a material is exposed to an elevated temperature for an extended time period and then slowly cooled

A

Annealing

86
Q

heat treatment that is used to negate the effects of cold work

A

Process annealing

87
Q

commonly used during fabrication procedures that require extensive plastic deformation, to allow a continuation of deformation without fracture or excessive energy consumption

A

Process annealing

88
Q

Remove the residual stresses produced by distortion and warpage

A

Stress relieve

89
Q

heat treatment in which the piece is heated to the recommended temperature, held there long enough to attain a uniform temperature, and finally cooled to room temperature in air

A

Stress relief annealing

90
Q

horizontal line at the eutectoid temperature

A

Lower critical temperature

91
Q

annealing heat treatment used to refine the grains

A

normalizing

92
Q

alloy have completely transform to austenite

A

Austenitizing

93
Q

heat treatment often used in low- and medium-carbon steels that will be machined or will experience extensive plastic deformation during a forming operation

A

full annealing

94
Q

heat treatment normally carried out at a temperature just below the eutectoid

A

Spheroiding

95
Q

describe the ability of an alloy to be hardened by the formation of martensite as a result of a given heat treatment

A

Hardenability

96
Q

qualitative measure of the rate at which hardness drops off with distance into the interior of a specimen as a result of diminished martensite content

A

Hardenability

97
Q

standard procedure widely used to determine hardenability

A

Jominyend-quench test

98
Q

induced by appropriate heat treatments

A

Precipitate hardness

99
Q

Heat treatment used in precipitate hardening

A

Solution heat treatment
Precipitate heat treatment

100
Q

solute atoms are dissolved to form a single phase solid solution

A

Solution heat treatment

101
Q

heat treatment used to precipitate a new phase from a supersaturated solid solution

A

Precipitation heat hardening

102
Q

commonly employed with high-strength aluminum alloys

A

Precipitation hardening

FUNDAMENTALS OF MATERIAL SCIENCE (5 decks)

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