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Forest Measurements > appendix > Flashcards

appendix Flashcards

1
Q

what are damage codes for green, red and grey attack applicable to?

A

IBM and lodgepole pine beetle in in Pl, Py and Pw
IBW in Py
IBB in Bl

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2
Q

Green Attack Code 1

A

represents trees infested 10-12 months or less
crown is green
pitch tubes evident on lower bole
inner bark has gallery patterns and immature indications of beetles

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3
Q

Red attack code 2

A

represents trees that have been attacked in the previous 2 seasons

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4
Q

Grey attack code 3

A

represents trees that are dead and have grey needles(except Bl, can have grey or red needles)
Bole of older kills has much checking, loose bark
pitch tubes and galleries easily id’d

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5
Q

Pl beetle attack green code 1 (risk group 2)

A

green needles, other colors may be present

must have greater than or equal to 5% green needles

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6
Q

Pl beetle Red attack code 2 (risk group 2)

A

red, fading, some grey needles
less than 5% green
greater than or equal to 5% red

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7
Q

Pl beetle Grey attack code 3(risk group 2)

A

Grey or no needles

less than 5% red needles

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8
Q

Blister Rust code 4

A

all other beetle attacks take precedence of blister rust attack code 4

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9
Q

Green strip attack code 5(risk group 2:Fd, Sx)

A

infested in strip on lower bole
broods failed or succeeded their development
tree not killed

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10
Q

why isn’t the spruce species included in red attack

A

spruce foliage turns yellow for a brief period in the winter following attack before needles fall off
infested trees with faded crown should be included in green attack

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11
Q

Green fully attacked code 6 (Risk group 2:Fd, Sx)

A

still have green foliage but bark beetles have totally girdled tree
In Fd, beetle has one year life cycle. attack is usually in may/june, crowns stay green for month to year after attack. do not apply code 3

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12
Q

Grey attack(Highest risk group and has to be dead, Fd and Sx)

A

trees are dead and have grey needles
boles have lots of checking, loose bark
little or no foliage left

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13
Q

red attack code 8(risk group 2, Fd)

A

Reserved for Fd

red foliage remains on tree for up to 2 years

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14
Q

fire, heavy damage, code C

A

damage of any age
extensive shallow charring or deep charring in merchantable portion of stem
multiple deep checks in trees <30cm dbh qualify for heavy damage

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14
Q

merchantable section

A

section of stem between 30cm stump and 10cm top diameter

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14
Q

charring

A

actual destruction of wood by fire

must be identifiable damage to surface area greater than 100cm2

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15
Q

shallow charring

A

greater than 100cm2 in surface area

less than one-third radius of the tree

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16
Q

extensive shallow charring

A

charring of bottom third of treet that has 3 or more areas (greater than 100cm2) of exposed or charred wood fibre or cummulative area exposed is at least 300cm2

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17
Q

deep charring

A

charring is deeper than one third the radius of the tree

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18
Q

multiple deep checks

A

more than one check is deeper than 1/3 the radius of the tree

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19
Q

clean break

A

break in merchantable part of stem which can be bucked in a length equivalent to diameter of stem at break

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20
Q

shattered break

A

break more sever than clean break

21
Q

break below stump height

A

break not in merchantable portion of stem is coded as uprooted tree

21
Q

2 or more clean break or one shattered break in merchantable portion of tree

A

G

21
Q

assigning down tree codes:

A 
do not record uprooted tree class 4 and 6 trees
allowable tree classes are 1,2,3,5,7,8,9

if tree partially uprooted and self supported dont assign down tree code

22
Q

all living trees measured on each sample plot classed as:

A

residual or suspect

23
Q

suspect trees bear one or more of:

A 
conks
blind conks
frost crack
scar
fork/pronounced crook
trunk infections/mistletoe
rotten branches
dead/broken top
24
Q

residual trees

A

living trees that bear none of the external indicators of decay (in stand)
eg) frost cracks highly significant as indicators of decay on particular species in stand as a whole, but not as significant on individual trees

24
Q

Recording path

A 
must be recorded on:
all live trees
dead potential Pw, Hw, Bl
Dead potential Pl with conk and blind conk
Dont record path above 10cm diameter
24
Q

conks

A

fruiting bodies of decay fungi
definite and reliable indicators of decay
occur on main stem, branches, exposed roots, around knots and underside branches/stems
MAIN: E.TINCT, P.PINI,P.SCHWEINITZII,F.PINICOLA

25
Q

Heart rot conks

A

hard, thick, woody like perennial structures
form singly at branch stubs
small clusters on underside of living branches
exception: p.schweinitzii annual that persists for 2 years

25
Q

conks of phellinus schweinitzii

A

cause of brown cubical root/butt rot
Fd and Sx most susceptible
attacks most conifers
Found: on base of tree, up to 2m away from tree on ground, exposed roots

25
Q

Blind conks

A

pronounced swellings/depressions around knots caused mainly by p.pini on conifers and p.tremulae on aspen
definite indicators of decay
swelling/depression result of tree attempting to heal over abortive conk, newly developing conk, point from which old conk has dropped

26
Q

Accessible/Inaccessible indicators for blind conks

A

Accessible: must be verified by cutting with axe to reveal bright yellow/buff color of conk
Inaccessible: call only those indicators which have high chance of being blind conk such as large swollen caved in knots. Have to be similar to ones in stand
dont call small knots on any species!
large holes left by dead branches may not be blind conk indicators

27
Q

scars

A

injury caused by external forces which has damaged cambial layers of tree and exposes either sapwood or heartwood or both to potential attack by wood rotting fungi
wood fungi carried by air currents
open and closed scars are called

28
Q

open/closed scars

A

open: appear as exposed wood, scards slow to heal
closed: early scar that has healed

29
Q

9 causes of scars:

A 
fire
lightning
damage by falling tree
machinery damage
blazes
breakage of branches/secondary leaders or suckers
falling rocks
animal/bird damage
cankers caused by fungi(only cankers with exposed weathered wood)
30
Q

calling of scars as path indicators: age

A

past 5 yrs
should show greyed/weathered wood
callous growth

31
Q

abnormalities simliar to scar, not called as scar:

A

black knots: develop around unhealed knots/wounds
burls and galls:abnormal cell growth, scards on burrs/galls called
Dryside: death of cambium/narrow, wide strip
Sapsucker holes: superficial
INsect borings: generally recent

32
Q

forks are called when:

A

result of damage to leader where one or more laterals take over
called between root collar and min. top diameter
called for:
2 o rmore forks resulted in serious damage
diamter of main stem changes at least 10%

33
Q

Crooks called if:

A

at least 10% diameter change in bole above and below crook
offset at least 50% of diameter of tree at crook
some not called, could be growth characteristic or malformation

34
Q

forks/crooks not called if:

A

crooks with <5 years old
flattening by wind
candelabra in conifers

35
Q

frost cracks

A

deep radial splitting of trunk caused by uneven expansion of wood after sudden drops in temp
cracks start at trunk and go up
wind stresses/temp changes open cracks further
repeated healing produces callouses and pronounced ribbed appearance
have to be at least 5 years old to be recorded

36
Q

trunk infections of mistletoe

A

only include infections on branch that have clearly extended to trunk

37
Q

define dead or broken top

A

tree top died due to variety of physiological causes such as insect attack,drought,sun scald,physicological death

38
Q

calling of dead tops

A

weathered(obviously), died at least 5 years ago and below 10 cm top

39
Q

causes of broken top:

A

wind breakage, snow damage, damage from falling trees
must be obv. weathered
standing trees broken in bottome 1/3=wind damage code
record dead or broken for candelabra

40
Q

abnormalities which are not recorded:

A 
external evidence of butt rot not associated with suspect abnormalities: one or more has to be evident
flutes: cw may be hiding open scar
Candelabra
branch fans
black knots
burls and galls
sweep
exposed root
spiral grain
dry side
sapsucker holes
insect borings
41
Q

CV

A

coefficient of variation

42
Q

PRF

A

plot radius factor

43
Q

SE

A

standard error

44
Q

why are trees assigned damage codes

A

no predictions
to apply volume and value adjustments
each tree assessed as it appears at time of cruise

45
Q

most common bark beetles

A 
IBM: Pl, Py, Pw
IBD: Fd(Lw)
Spruce beetle: Sx
IBW: Py
IBB: Bl

Forest Measurements (5 decks)

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