Appendix Flashcards
What is the appendix?
blind muscular tube at the base of the cecum
base is fixed at confluence of the 3 tenia coli of the cecum
What is the most common position of the appendix?
- retrocecal (74%)
- pelvic (20%)
What is the function of the appendix?
- immunity
- gut flora regulation
- appendectomy protective against ulcerative colitis
What is the normal size of the appendix?
7.5-10cm
<6mm in diameter
What is the most common cause of acute abdomen in young adults?
appendicitis
- common in childhood & early adulthood
- peaks in teens & early 20s
What are the causes of appendicitis?
- decreased dietary fibers
- increased consumption of refined carbohydrates
- bacterial proliferation (E. coli)
- obstruction of lumen (ficolith, stricture, cecal carcinoma, intestinal parasite)
What is the pathogenesis of appendicitis?
aggregating factor -> mucosal inflammation & lymphoid hyperplasia -> obstruction of lumen -> edema & mucosal ulceration -> bacterial translocation to submucosa -> venous obstruction & ischemia -> bacterial invasion of muscularis propria -> ischemic necrosis -> gangrene & perforation -> peritonitis
how does an appendiceal mass form?
adherence of greater omentum
- leads to phlegmon, appendicial mass, paracecal abscess
What are the risk factors for appendiceal perforation & peritonitis?
- extremes of age
- immunosuppression
- diabetes mellitus
- fecolith obstruction
- pelvic appendix
- previous abdominal surgery
DO NOT DELAY SURGERY
what are the symptoms of appendicitis?
- periumbilical colicky pain
- pain shifting to right iliac fossa, sharper
- anorexia
- nausea +- vomiting
- suprapubic discomfort & tenesmus
- low grade fever (if high grade -> peritonitis)
- diarrhea
- RUQ pain in pregnancy
What are the signs of appendicitis?
- low grade fever
- RIF tenderness (McBurney’s point)
- rebound tenderness
- guarding
- Rovsing’s sign (push on one side pain felt on the other)
- Psoas sign (hip extension causes pain)
- obturator sign
Where is McBurney’s point?
between ASIS & umbilicus
lateral 1/3 & medial 2/3
What is the DD of appendicitis?
in children:
- gastroenteritis
- mesenteric adenitis
- Meckel’s diverticulitis
in adults:
- regional enteritis
- ureteric colitis
- perforated peptic ulcer (valentino sign)
- torsion of testis
- ectopic pregnancy
- pancreatitis
- pyelonephritis
in elderly:
- diverticulitis
- intestinal obstruction
- colonic carcinoma
What is the Alvarado score?
score of 7 or more is highly predictive of acute appendicitis Migratory pain 1 Anorexia 1 Nausea & vomiting 1 Tenderness RIF 2 Rebound tenderness 1 Elevated temperature 1 Leucocytosis 2 Shift to left 1
What are the investigations that should be done for suspected appendicitis?
- CBC
- urinalysis
- pregnancy test
- urea & electrolytes (hypokalemia hypochloremia)
- ULTRASOUND
- CT with contrast