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Y2 Anatomy > APP > Flashcards

APP Flashcards

Abdominal muscles, peritoneum & mesenteries, GI tract

1
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the rectus abdominis muscle?

A

Origin: pubic crest, tubercle and symphysis
Insertion: 5th, 6th & 7th costal cartilages, xyphoid process

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2
Q

What are the 4 muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall? (sup to deep)

A

External oblique
Internal oblique
Rectus abdominis & transversus abdominis

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3
Q

What are the 4 muscles of the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Quadratus lumborum
Iliacus
Psoas major
Psoas minor

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4
Q

Which muscles make up the iliopsoas muscle group, and what is their action?

A

Psoas major and iliacus
Main flexors of hip joint

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5
Q

Which arteries supply the anterolateral abdominal wall? (Which arteries do they arise from?)

A

Superior epigastric (internal thoracic)
Inferior epigastric (external iliac)

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6
Q

What is the difference between an indirect and direct inguinal hernia? Which one is more common?

A

INdirect - goes through INguinal canal
Direct - goes through abdominal wall
Indirect are more common (85%)

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7
Q

What is the blood supply to the posterior abdominal wall?

A

A: abdominal aorta
V: inferior vena cava

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8
Q

Which organs/structures are intraperitoneal? (9)

A

Stomach
Jejunum
Ileum
Caecum
Transverse colon
Sigmoid colon
Liver
Gallbladder
Spleen

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9
Q

Which organs/structures are retroperitoneal? (9)

A

Duodenum (except first part)
Pancreas (except tail)
Ascending colon
Descending colon
Superior rectum
Kidneys & ureters
Adrenals
Aorta
IVC

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10
Q

At what spinal level does the oesophagus enter the abdomen?

A

T10

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11
Q

At what spinal level does the IVC enter the abdomen?

A

T8

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12
Q

At what spinal level does the thoracic aorta enter the abdomen?

A

T12

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13
Q

At what spinal level does the coeliac trunk emerge from the abdominal aorta?

A

T12

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14
Q

At what spinal level does the SMA emerge from the abdominal aorta?

A

L1

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15
Q

At what vertebral level does the spinal cord end?

A

L2

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16
Q

At what vertebral level do the renal arteries emerge from the abdominal aorta?

A

L2

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17
Q

At what vertebral level does the IMA emerge from the abdominal aorta?

A

L3

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18
Q

At what spinal level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?

A

L4

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19
Q

Which nerve roots does the greater splanchnic nerve have?

A

T5-T9

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20
Q

Which nerve roots does the lesser splanchnic nerve have?

A

T10-T11

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21
Q

What nerve roots does the lumbar splanchnic nerve have?

A

L1-2

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22
Q

Which nerve roots does the least splanchnic nerve have?

A

T12

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23
Q

Describe how the route of the gonadal arteries differ on the right and left

A

L: comes directly from abdominal aorta
R: comes off R renal artery

24
Q

What does the coeliac trunk split into?

A

Splenic artery
Left gastric artery
Common hepatic artery

25
Q

Which arteries supply the lesser curvature of the stomach?

A

Left and right gastric arteries

26
Q

Which arteries supply the greater curvature of the stomach?

A

Left and right gastro-omental arteries

27
Q

What is the first branch of the SMA and what does it supply?

A

Inferior pancreatico-duodenal artery
Supplies head of pancreas and 2/3 of duodenum

28
Q

What are the three major branches of the IMA?

A

Left colic artery
Sigmoid arteries
Superior rectal arteries

29
Q

What levels of the spinal cord does the sympathetic nervous system originate from?

A

T1-L2

Thoracolumbar outflow

30
Q

Where are the preganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic nerve cell found in the spinal cord?

A

Lateral horn

31
Q

Describe the route of the sympathetic nervous system from spinal cord to the target organ

A
  1. preganglionic cell body in lateral horn
  2. white ramus communicans
  3. ganglion
  4. sympathetic chain (if target organ not between T1-L2)
32
Q

Where does the parasympathetic nervous system originate from?

A

CN 3, 7, 9 and 10
S2-4

Craniosacral outflow

33
Q

What is the name of the parasympathetic nerve arising from S2-4? What is its function?

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerve
Parasympathetic
Hindgut innervation
Pelvis innervation

34
Q

What is the innervation of the foregut?

Sympathetic and parasympathetic, which ganglia

A

Sympathetic: greater splanchnic nerve via coeliac ganglion
Para: vagus nerve

35
Q

What is the innervation of the midgut?

Sympathetic and parasympathetic, which ganglia

A

Sympathetic: lesser splanchnic nerve via superior mesenteric ganglion and aorticorenal ganglion
Para: vagus nerve

36
Q

What is the innervation of the hindgut?

Sympathetic and parasympathetic, which ganglia

A

Sympathetic: lumbar splanchnic nerve via inferior mesenteric ganglion
Para: pelvic splanchnic nerves

37
Q

What are the nerve roots for the pelvic splanchnic nerve?

A

S2-4

38
Q

What is the innervation of the kidneys and ureters?

A

Sympathetic: lesser and least splanchnic nerves via renal plexus
Ureters: take innervation from different locations as they move down

Renal plexus receives input from coeliac and aorticorenal ganglia

39
Q

What is the innervation of the adrenal glands? Describe the course

A

Only sympathetic
Greater splanchnic straight to adrenal medulla, synapse on chromaffin cells

Chromaffin cells release adrenaline and noradrenaline

40
Q

Describe the innervation of the parietal and visceral peritoneum

How does this affect pain?

A

Parietal: somatic nervous system, pain very sharp and localised

Visceral: visceral nervous system, pain poorly localised, dull

41
Q

What plexuses does the inferior hypogastric plexus give rise to? (3)

A

Rectal plexus
Uterovaginal/prostatic plexus
Vesical plexus

42
Q

What nerves form the inferior hypogastric plexus?

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerves
Hypogastric nerves

43
Q

What are the sympathetic functions of the inferior hypogastric plexus?

What nerve roots?

A

Constriction of smooth muscle of internal urethral and anal sphincters
SMC contraction of reproductive and accessary organs
Moving secretions during ejaculation

T10-L2

44
Q

What are the parasympathetic functions of the inferior hypogastric plexus?

What nerve roots?

A

Innervation of hindgut
Vasodilatory (erection)
Contraction of bladder

S2-4

45
Q

What spinal levels provide somatic sensory innervation of the perineum?

What nerve is used?

A

S3-S5

Pudendal nerve

46
Q

What spinal levels provide somatic motor innervation to the perineum?

What nerve is involved?

A

S2-S4

Pudendal nerve

47
Q

What does the gastroduodenal artery supply? (3)

Clinical relevance

Where does it lie in relation to the duodenum?

A

Pylorus of stomach
Superior duodenum
Head of pancreas

Source of GI bleeding in peptic ulcer disease

Posterior to duodenum

48
Q

What is SMA syndrome?

A

SMA branches off at too acute of an angle from AA
Compresses duodenum, causing bowel obstruction

49
Q

What is Nutcracker syndrome?

A

Acute angled SMA compressing left renal vein
Causes backflow obstruction in left gonadal vein

50
Q

What is portosystemic anastamosis? Why does it occur? Why is it useful? Why can it be dangerous?

A

Anastamoses between portal venous system and systemic venous system
Occurs because of portal hypertension e.g. from liver cirrhosis
Useful in allowing blood from GIT to bypass blockage
Bypassed blood doesn’t get detoxified by liver

51
Q

Which systemic vein does the left gastric vein most most commonly anastamose to? What clinical condition can occur if this bursts?

A

Lower oesophageal
Oesophageal varices

52
Q

Which systemic vein does the superior rectal vein most commonly anastamose to? What is the clinical significance?

A

Inferior and middle rectal veins
Rectal varices (internal haemorrhoids)

53
Q

Which systemic vein does the paraumbilical vein most commonly anastamose to? What is the clinical condition that can form?

A

Epigastric vein
Caput medusae

54
Q

Describe the origin and route of the uterine artery

A

Branch of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery
Passes superiorly to ureter (water under the bridge)

55
Q

What does the internal pudendal artery supply? What is the clinical significance?

A

Perineum, vestibule, clitoris

Avoid in episiotomies

56
Q

What are the branches of the internal iliac artery? (proximal to distal)

A

Umbilical
Obturator
Inferior vesical/uterine
Middle anorectal
Internal pudendal
Inferior gluteal

Y2 Anatomy (8 decks)

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