apk2100c lecture exam 1 Flashcards

Question

thoracic cavity

Answer 1

1. Pleural = lungs; we have 2 pleural cavities, one for each lung 2. Mediastinum = has the heart, esophagus

Answer 2

Closed cavities; not open to external environment

Answer 3

1. mucous 2. serous

Answer 4

lines cavities tht are open to the outside environment - Cells secrete mucous - Ex: Oral and nasal cavities, vagina, anus

Answer 5

lines cavities tht are closed to the outside environment Can secrete serous fluid (lubricant, reduce friction)

Answer 6

all living orgs are cellular in nature; smallest living units; human bod has 200+ types of cells functions: 1. Obtain and use nutrients 2. Dispose of wastes 3. Replicate/regenerate/repair These functions r carried out by the cell’s organelles

Answer 7

1. Plasma membrane 2. Nucleus 3. Cytoplasm

Answer 8

fluid mosaic model; made of phospholipid bilayer (hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails) contains: 1. cholesterol 2. associated proteins - integral (+ transmembrane) & peripheral proteins 3. glycoproteins 4. glycolipids

Answer 9

majority are along the fatty acid tails; avoids water - Found among lipid tails of the bilayer; 4 ring structure - Only found in animal cells - function: Structural integrity of the plasma membrane

Answer 10

embedded within plasma membrane - more specific type of integral protein = transmembrane protein: spans entire bilayer

Answer 11

loosely associated with the plasma membrane; can be intracellular or extracellular (outside of cell)

Answer 12

Amphipathic Dynamic arrangement Cr8s framework for the plasma membrane Makes up 75% of membrane lipids

Answer 13

Only found in layer facing ECF; doesn’t face inside cell function: Cellular adhesion and recognition

Answer 14

1. Protective barrier 2. Cellular communications (via receptor proteins) 3. Regulated movement of substances in/out (membrane transport)

Answer 15

- Plasma membr is selectively permeable; some solutes simply diffuse across bilayer - no proteins nor ATP needed - Integral prots act as transporters & channels to assist in the entrance of impermeant (can’t cross membrane) molecules • Carriers = passive transport • Pumps = active transport

Answer 16

requires ATP + transmembrane prot.

Answer 17

no ATP required 1. simple diffusion - soluble molecules move directly across 2. osmosis - requires aquaporins (protein channel) to transport h2o 3. facilitated diffusion - requires integral protein

Answer 18

transport using vesicles; Vesicles are membrane compartments made of phospholipids; brings materials into the cell (aka endosomes) 3 types: 1. phagocytosis 2. pinocytosis 3. receptor-mediated endocytosis

Answer 19

- cell-eating; bring lrg molecules/macromolecules into the cell; plasma membrane detects something it wants, and it reaches up and out, forms pseudopods (the extensions in pic 1) and reach out and pinch off - forms membrane compartment and bring materials into the cell - don’t need specific signal

Answer 20

- cell-drinking; bring smaller solids often dissolved w.in ECF into the cell; no pseudopods - invagination occurs instead and top portion of membrane pinches off to form vesicle - don’t need specific signal

Answer 21

requires ligand to bind to the receptors which generaled signal for vesicles to bring materials in; SPECIFIC

Answer 22

remove material from inside cell; involves vesicle; vesicle fuses with PM and incorporates itself into the PM; ends up releasing the materials contained

Answer 23

inside of cell 1. cytosol 2. organelles 3. inclusions

Answer 24

jelly-like fluid in which all other intracellular elements are suspended - contains: Water, ions, enzymes - Site of many chem rxns

Answer 25

specialized structs w/in a cell tht have characteristic shapes and perform specific functions

Answer 26

temporary structures; pigments, crystals of protein, food stores; not organelles bc dont have specific function or shape - ex: food stores glycogen granules, lipid droplets - can be broken down

Answer 27

1. mitochondria 2. nucleus 3. ribosomes 4. endoplasmic reticulum 5. golgi apparatus 6. lysosome 7. peroxisome 8. cytoskeleton 9. centrosomes and centrioles

Answer 28

- E production; double membrane organelle - Outer mitochondrial membrane - Inner mito. Membr; is folded; Folds called CRISTAE - incr surface area = pack more proteins and enzymes to maximize atp production - Mitochondrial matrix = space inside mitochondrial membrane - Space in between membranes = intermembrane space - Has its own DNA; circular, has no protective mechanism = sensitive to damage from free radicals

Answer 29

- non-membranous organelles; functions in protein synthesis; made of proteins + ribosomal RNA - Have 2 subunits; on their own, the subunits will not function properly • In actuality, smaller subunit on bottom and large one on top in prot synthesis • Location: Found in cytosome - free floating “free ribosomes”; attached to ER (rough)

Answer 30

- CONTINUOUS structures, not separate structs.; network within the cytoplasm - network of membrane-enclosed cavities (flattened sacs or tubules) - Rough ER: protein synth - Smooth ER: (lipid metabolism) making/breaking down fats & calcium storage; more tubular - RER: Flattened sacs = cisterns/cisternae - Nuclear envelope exvaginates to form the RER & SER

Answer 31

- membranous organelle; have some kind of cavity associated with it; sorting center - every time we synthesize materials from the ER (proteins or lipids), they need to be modified and sorted in the golgi - Proteins from RER transported to golgi via transport vesicle; transport vesicle fuses with membrane of golgi to release materials - Transport vesicle: within cell - separatory vesicle secretes materials OUTSIDE OF cell - has cis vs trans face

Answer 32

material arrives at CIS FACE/aka receiving side of golgi - always will be the closest side facing the SER or RER

Answer 33

shipping side - new vesicle pinches off from golgi membrane and material exits out

Answer 34

digest, break down materials; membranous - Very acidic, have enzymes that break down materials, like not working proteins and old parts of organelle; debris via endocytosis and degraded

Answer 35

smaller than lysosomes; DETOX; aka peroxide bodies; predominantly in liver and kidney cells - Neutralize SMALLER toxic waste; assist in breaking down long fatty acid chains - Free radicals = very destructive - have extra e- and can damage surrounding structures - OXIDASE enzyme turn free radicals into h2o2; H2o2 is still damaging, but not as bad as free radical - catalase converts h2o2 to h2o and o2

Answer 36

elaborate network of rods running throughout the cytoplasm; functions like bones, muscles, and ligaments in an organism; support cell’s shape and produces movements in some cases - includes: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

Answer 37

- smallest; ex: actin; actin made of small globular actin molecules aka G actin - Found: Edge of cell - MICROVILLI: non-motile, microscopic, finger-like projections of the plasma membrane; actin on the side; actin ≠ microvilli - actin act as standing rods inside microvilli to keep it upright/give it structure Incr SA of a cell for ABSORPTION - Found in absorptive cells (ex: epithelium lining small intestines)

Answer 38

tough, insoluble protein fibers constructed like woven ropes - larger than microfilaments - Found: throughout the cell - Stabilize organelle position in the cytosol and attach cells to 1 another

Answer 39

largest, hollow tubes of spherical protein subunit; like a coil - Project outward from the CENTROSOME - Determine cell’s overall shape - Also involved in cellular mvmnt (cilia and flagella) • Flagella: propelling tail; ex: sperm tail • Cilia: along cell surface, hair-like, brush things across cell surface - stroke like mvmnt Ex: cells in respiratory system have lots of cillia to move mucous to prevent build up when u have a cold

Answer 40

Forms microtubules and aids in cellular division - Centrioles = made of microtubules; microtubes will spout from centrioles during cellular division

Answer 41

- Nucleolus: site of ribosomal RNA synth - Chromatin = genetic material - Nuclear envelope/nuclear membrane = double membrane - Nuclear pores: allow material to exit or enter nucleus

Answer 42

- Basic components of all tissues: cells + extracellular matrix - 4 basic tissue type: 1. epithelial 2. connective 3. muscular 4. nervous

Answer 43

covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, duct, and forms glands - Protection of underlying tissues - Selective barrier: - Secretion - release products onto the free surface; excretion of wastes - Absorption - Diffusion filtration - Sensory reception

Answer 44

protects, supports, and binds organs - Stores E as fat, provides immunity

Answer 45

gener8 the physical force needed to make body structures move and gener8 body heat

Answer 46

detect changes in body and responds by gener8ing nerve impulses (control)

Answer 47

- Cells arranged in continuous sheets bc they line/cover things; can be single or multiple layers - Cells are closely packed and held tightly juntos; little to no extracell matrix - Found @ a boundary b/w 2 diff environments Ex: epithelial tissue lining digestive tract - need to absorb nutrients in food; have tissue separating where absorption is and where bloodstream is - Always have a free surface - one side is anchored to something and one side is facing a free surface (the cavity or hollow area)

Answer 48

- High cellularity - lots of cells - Specialized contacts - allows cells to adhere to e/o - Polarity • Apical surface - faces body surface, body cavity, lumen, duct; side facing hollow cavity, the external environment • Basal surface - opposite of apical surface, adheres to basement membrane; the side that is anchored/bound - Support by connective tissue - basement membrane - Avascular - Nervous innervation - Regeneration - high mitotic activity

Answer 49

has 2 layers: the basal lamina is secreted by the epithelium and the reticular lamina is pt of the underlying connective tissue

Answer 50

1. Arrangement of cells into layers • Single layer of cells = “simple” • Multiple layers stacked on top of e/o = “stratified” 2. Shapes of cells: • Squamous - flat, tile-like • Cuboidal - nucleus is more spherical and centered • Columinar - nucleus is more oval and off-center; nucleus more towards basal surface

Answer 51

1. Simple squamous epithelium 2. Simple columnar 3. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium 4. Stratified squamous epithelium 5. Stratified cuboidal 6. Stratified columnar

Answer 52

- Specialized contact: 1. tight junctions 2. desmosomes 3. gap junctions

Answer 53

interlocking junctional proteins fuse plasma membrane of 2 side by side cells juntos; impermeable junctions prevent molecules from passing

Answer 54

anchoring junctions bind adjacent cells together and help form an internal tension-reducing network of fibers - linker glycoproteins/cadherins interdigitized (act like a zipper) to anchor the cells

Answer 55

- channel b/w cells/connexon - communicating junctions allow ions and small molecules to pass from 1 cell to the next for intercell communication

Answer 56

anchored to basement membrane: basal lamina

Answer 57

- Microvilli: Extensions of plasma membrane, incr SA, non-motile - Cilia: move things along surface of a cell

Answer 58

- epithelia tht make and secrete a product form glands - Secretion are aqueous fluids tht usually contain proteins: hormones, mucous, sweat and oils, bile and digestive enzymes, milk - Secretions are exocytosed

Answer 59

1. endocrine 2. exocrine

Answer 60

secrete hormones DIRECTLY into ECF; hormones then diffuse into blood stream w/o a duct; effector organs are far away

Answer 61

- secretions flow onto body surfaces or into cavities NOT INTO BLOODSTREAM - Secretions act LOCALLY - effector.target organs are nearby - Multicellular exocrine glands: multiple cells form a gland tht secretes products via a duct (Sweat glands) - Unicellular exocrine glands: one-celled gland (ex: goblet cell)

Answer 62

pt of exocrine gland - special feature: have secretory vesicles containing mucin - mucin is a glycoprotein that is exocytosed onto the free surface - once it combines with free water, it makes mucus

Answer 63

has 2 parts 1. separatory portion/glandular epithelium 2. duct ***surface epithelium is NOT pt of the exocrine gland

Answer 64

1. simple tubular (ex: intestinal glands) 2. simple branched tubular (stomach/gastric glands) 3. compound tubular (duodenal glands of small intestine) 4. simple alveolar (no important ex in humans) 5. simple branched alveolar (sebaceous/oil glands) 6. compound alveolar (mammary glands) 7. compound tubuloalveolar (salivary glands) *simple duct structure = duct is unbranched *compound structure = branched duct

Answer 65

1. cutaneous membrane = skin 2. mucous membrane 3. serous membrane

Answer 66

line OPEN cavities and organs - ex: tubes of respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems

Answer 67

line CLOSED cavities - ex: thoracic and abdominal cavities

Answer 68

most diverse and abundant type of tissue - 4 main types: 1. cartilage 2. proper 3. bone 4. blood

Answer 69

- made of few cells; CT made of cells and matrix (extracellular matrix) - lots of extracell matrix (opp of epithelium) - Have common embryonic origin: come from mesenchyme - Descendant cells: fibroblast, chondroblast, osteoblast, hematopoietic stem cell • these immature cells retain the capacity for mitosis and SECRETE THE MATRIX - mature cells have reduced capacity for cell division; mostly involved in matrix maintenance

Answer 70

Fibroblast -> fibrocyte -> connective tissue proper -> 1. Loose CT and 2. Dense CT

Answer 71

- have 3 types 1. areolar 2. adipose 3. reticular *TIP: LARA Loose Areolar Reticular Adipose

Answer 72

- have 3 types; 1. regular 2. irregular 3. elastic TIP: DIRE Dense Irregular Regular Elastic

Answer 73

chrondroblast (immature cartilage cell) -> chondrocyte (mature cartilage cell) -> cartilage

Answer 74

- 3 types 1. Hyaline cartilage 2. Fibrocartilage 3. Elastic cartilage TIP: CHEF Cartilage Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage

Answer 75

Osteoblast -> osteocyte -> osseous/bone

Answer 76

- connective tissue - 2 types: compact bone & spongy (cancellous) bone

Answer 77

Hematopoietic stem cell -> blood cells and macroprophages

Answer 78

matrix contains protein fibers embedded in a fluid, gel, or solid ground substance 1. Ground substance - material tht fills space b/w cells and fibers • can be fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, or calcified • functions to support and bind cells, store h2o, and acts as medium for exchange b/w blood and cells • combo of proteins and polysacchs. 2. Fibers: ynthesized by fibroblasts; provides strength and support for tissues; 3 types - collagen, reticular, and elastic

Answer 79

1. Fibroblasts 2. Adipocytes /fat cells 3. Mast cells 4. WBCs 5. Macrophages 6. Plasma cells

Answer 80

CT cell tht secretes fibers and components of ground substance

Answer 81

CT cell tht stores triglycerides

Answer 82

ct cell tht produces histamine (incr blood flow) and heparin (prevents blood clotting)

Answer 83

ct cell pt of immune response - neutrophils and eosinophils

Answer 84

CT cells tht engulf bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis

Answer 85

CT cells tht secrete antibodies

Answer 86

- largest in diameter, rope-like structures - strongest of the fibers; tough, flexible - function; tensile strength; resists stretching

Answer 87

allows for stretch and RECOIL - intermediate diameter (long, thin fibers) - branches form networks

Answer 88

forms sponge-like framework - smallest diameter - have special collagen fibrils ; not the same as FIBERS; cluster into networks - function: support

Answer 89

- Vitamin C is necessary for cross-linkage of collagen FIBRILS to make collagen FIBERS - collagen helps: hold teeth in place, reinforce blood vessels, wound healing - What symptoms might u expect from someone suffering from scurvy?: Lose teeth, lots of bleeding, reduced healing

Answer 90

- Gel-like matrix with all 3 fiber types - cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some WBCs - Function: wraps and cushions organs macrophages phagocytize bacteria; plays important role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid - Location: widely distributed under epithelia of body (ex: forms lamina propria of mucous membranes; packages organs; surrounds capillaries)

Answer 91

- Matrix as in areolar CT, but v sparse; closely packed adipocytes have nucleus pushed to the side by lrg fat droplet (lipid droplet = inclusion) - Function: provides reserve food fuel; insulate against heat loss; supports and protects organs - Location: under skin in hypodermis; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts

Answer 92

- Network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on network - Function: fibers form a soft internal skeelton/stroma tht supports other cell types including WBCs, mast cells, and macrophages; more associated with immune system - Location: lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen) - looks like cherry blossom tree

Answer 93

- Primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast - Function: attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands gr9 tensile stress when pulling force is applied in 1 direction - Location: tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses

Answer 94

- Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers, swirly pattern/marbling; some elastic fibers; major cell type is fibroblast; defense cells and fat cells also present - Function: able to withstand tension exerted in many directions bc swirly/irregular placement; provides structural strength - Location: fibrous capsules of organs and of joints, dermis of the skin, submucosa of digestive tract

Answer 95

- Predominant fiber type = elastic, not collagen Squiggly pattern - Function: ^allows recoil of tissue following stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood thru arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration - Location: walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column; within the walls of the bronchial tubes

Answer 96

- amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and, when mature (chrondocytes), lie in lacunae (cavity within this type of cartilage where the chondrocyte is) - Function: supports and reinforces; serves as resilient cushion; resists compressive stress - Location: forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx

Answer 97

similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic fibers in matrix; hyaline cartilage is much more opaque, while elastic fibers are more visible in elastic cartilage - Function: maintains the shape of a structure while allowing gr8 flexibility - Location: supports the external ear (pinna/outer portion of ear NOT EARLOBE); epiglottis; earlobe is made of areolar loose connective tissue proper and adipose tissue

Answer 98

- matrix similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate - Function: tensile strength w/ the ability to absorb compressive shock - Location: intervertebral discs (between vertebrae); pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint

Answer 99

- Hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae; very well vascularized - Function: supports and protects (by enclosing); provides levers for the muscles to act on; stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow inside bones = site for blood cell formation (hemtaopoiesis) 2 types of bone: compact and spongy

Answer 100

- Fluid form of connective tissue; red and wbcs in a fluid matrix (plasma) - Function: transport respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances - Location: contained within blood vessels

Answer 101

RBCs - Function; transports respiratory gases; biconcave disc shape; no organelles inside - ANUCLEAR

Answer 102

1. Skeletal - body movement 2. Cardiac - blood movement - heart to lungs to body - blood back into heart 3. Smooth - lots of functions (move things through GI tract, intestines, etc) General function: movement

Answer 103

long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; obvious striations - Function: voluntary mvnmt, locomotion, manipulation of the environment; facial expression - Location: in skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin

Answer 104

branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells tht interdigitate at specialized junctions (intercalated discs) - Function: as it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control - Location: only in walls of the heart

Answer 105

spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei; no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets - Function: propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby - uterine contractions during labor), along internal passageways, involuntary control - Location: mostly in the walls of hollow organs (GI tract, stomach, intestines)

Answer 106

- Smooth: nuclei INSIDE fibers - Dense regular CT: nuclei wedged BETWEEN fibers - look for gaps; Nuclei lined up in rows one after another

Answer 107

main tissue of nervous system - Brain, spinal cord, nerves - Contains 2 types of cells: neurons & neuroglia/glial cells - Neurons are branching cells; cell processes tht may be quite long xtend from the nucleus-containing cell body; also contributing to nervous tissue are nonconducting supporting cells, neuroglia (not illustrated) - Functions: transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands) tht control the activity of the effector organs - Location: brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Answer 108

Glial cells are more abundant; not really used for signaling, but they support the neurons

Answer 109

- Good regenerators: bone, areolar & dense irregular CT; blood + epithelia - Mediocre: smooth muscle - Poor: skeletal muscle, tendons, ligaments (ACL tear), cartilage (ex: Achilles tendon = dense regular CT proper - requires surgery to reattach tendon) - Almost no regeneration: cardiac muscle, nervous tissue

Answer 110

1. Skin = integument; largest organ of the body 2. Accessory organs: hair, nails, oil and sweat glands

Answer 111

1: epidermis = top surface 2: dermis HYPODERMIS IS NOT TECHNICALLY PART OF THE SKIN

Answer 112

1. Thermoregulation 2. Protection - physical barrier 3. Sensory reception - nerve endings within the skin 4. Excretion 5. Vitamin d production

Answer 113

most superficial layer; AVASCULAR; made of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 114

1. Keratinocytes - >90%, majority of cells in epidermis; physical and mechanical protection, produce antibiotics and enzymes that detoxify harmful chemicals 2. Melanocytes - produce pigments for the skin (tan, skin tone) 3. Langerhans/dendritic cells - immune function 4. Merkel (tactile epithelial cells) - allow us to sense pressure and touch

Answer 115

areas of skin where there is little friction; most of the body; 4 epidermal layers

Answer 116

areas of skin where friction commonly develops; palms, feet, fingertips - 5 epidermal layers

Answer 117

4 strata in order of deep to superficial: 1. stratum basale 2. stratum spinosum 3. stratum granulosum 4. stratum corneum

Answer 118

deepest epidermal layer; anchored, most basal layer - 1 row of actively mitotic stem cells; some newly formed cells become part of the more superficial layers. - Only 1 row of keratinocytes; when melanocytes produce melanin, they deposit the melanin into nearby keratinocytes - See occasional melanocytes and dendritic cells - Has high mitotic activity/cell division; the more cells we cr8, the more piling up occurs, pushes everything up

Answer 119

several layers of keratinocytes unified by desmosomes. - cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin - Tonofilaments: intermediate filaments made of prekerotin found in the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum

Answer 120

1 to 5 layers of flattened cells, organelles deteriorating; cytoplasm full of lamellar granules (release lipids) and keratohyalin granules - Granules: melanin and lamellar granules - lamellar granules make skin more water resistant bc it is lipid based - Cells flattened bc they’re missing organelles

Answer 121

- most superficial; 20-30 layers of dead cells - represented only by flat membranous sacs filled with keratin; glycolipids in extracellular space - As we get further away from stratum basale, can’t get enough nutrients so cells begin to die off (bc epidermis is avascular)

Answer 122

superficial to deep: 1. Stratum corneum 2. Stratum lucidum: only in thick epidermis; slightly translucent 3. Stratum granulosum; dark layer bc melanin 4. Stratum spinosum 6. Stratum basale

Answer 123

- Epidermis is replaced ~every month - How long does tan last? - few weeks - lose tan by previous cells sloughing off and being replaced by new ones - What aspects of a tattoo reflect the structures present in the epidermis? - ink is NOT placed in epidermis bc the epidermis is constantly being replaced so tattoo will disappear - needs to be in a deeper layer - needs to go in area that is VASCULAR (tattooing involves BLEEDING - epidermis is AVASCULAR)

Answer 124

1. Melanin: pigment produced in hair and skin; brown 2. Carotene: orange color 3. Hemoglobin: in blood, red color

Answer 125

2 types: eumelanin and pheomelanin - produced in skin and hair - Melanocytes produce a protein (melanin) which places itself b/w the sun and a cell’s nucleus - Melanocytes takes amino acid tyrosine and converts it into melanin; then transfer melanin into kertinocytes; once released inside, melanin granules surround the nucleus - Protects nucleus from UV rays - # of melanocytes is the same for everyone; differences in skin color due to amt of pigment produced (melanin) and transferred to keratinocytes - Light skin: melanin clumped near nucleus; breaks down quickly - Dark skin: melanin spread throughout keratinocytes; breaks down slowly

Answer 126

imparts brown to black color

Answer 127

imparts yellow to red colors particularly noticeable in hair

Answer 128

cannot produce any melanin due to genetic disorder - Have melanocytes, but can’t convert tyrosine into melanin - Usually due to in an inability to produce tyrosinase enzyme - Results in translucent hair, skin, and eyes; display pink or red eyes

Answer 129

- Mostly connective tissue, very tough - where vast majority of nerve ends - Many other structures in the dermis: blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves - Has 2 regions: 1. Most superficial = papillary layer 2. Deeper layer = reticular layer - contain appendages of the skin, which are derived in epidermis but located in dermis

Answer 130

most superficial; (darker pink layer with curvy look) - areolar loose connective tissue proper makes up this layer - includes dermal papillae

Answer 131

deeper layer - formed by dense irregular connective tissue proper; FORMS FINGERPRINTS - “reticular” = network - refers to the network of collagen fiber within the dense CT

Answer 132

small projections of the papillary dermis into the overlying epithelium - enhances surface area for nutrient/gas exchange & strengths the dermal-epidermal junction - keratinocytes get nutrients via diffusion from the underlying dermal layer since it is avascular - Dermal papillae is NOT what makes ur fingerprints bc they dont match the epidermal ridges

Answer 133

Epidermal ridge = peaks and valleys tht form fingerprints; underlying mounds of tissue tht protrudes up to form fingerprints

Answer 134

- separations or less dense regions of collagen bundles in the reticular dermis cr8 invisible cleavage lines in the skin - Incisions made along the cleavage lines tend to gape less and heal more quickly than incisions made across cleavage lines - DONT CUT PERPENDICULAR TO CLEAVE LINES = longer to heal

Answer 135

- subcutaneous layer of CT; NOT PART OF THE SKIN - made mostly of adipose loose CT proper - Varies in thickness - Projects underlying structure, insulates, and stores E - Contains large blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves whose branches extend into the dermis

Answer 136

- many structures are imbedded in the dermis - Most of these structures are derived from the epidermis • Hair follicles • Sweat glands • Oil glands Some structures are from underlying nerves which transmit info to the CNS

Answer 137

found in epidermis senses pain - u want to sense pain immediately bc u want to avoid trauma ASAP before u take serious damage

Answer 138

- heat, cold, light touch - close to epidermis-dermal junction bc u want to sense this asap; are encapsulated/enclosed - Deeper in dermis: strong pressure - Nerves around hair follicle to sense hair movement

Answer 139

derived from epidermis, but mostly located in dermis - Nails, hair & hair follicles, sebaceous/oil glands, sweat glands

Answer 140

scale-like modification of the epidermis containing dead keratinocytes full of HARD keratin

Answer 141

1. White part of nail = free edge of the nail (the part u cut off) 2. Nail plate = pink part = directly over the digit; pink bc nail is v transparent bc of dead keratinocytes so blood supply/capillaries are more visible 3. Lunule = crescent shape at proximal end of nail; where nail matrix is = where cells proliferate to generate more nail; tht region is very thick so its white and not pink 4. Lateral nail fold 5. Eponychium = cuticle

Answer 142

1. Free edge 2. Nail plate right on top of nail bed 3. Nail bed = made of epidermal cells 4. Nail root = hardened pt of nail tht covers the nail matrix

Answer 143

flexible columns of dead keratinocytes full of HARD keratin - 2 parts: 1. shaft: hair above the surface 2. root: below the surface

Answer 144

3 layers 1. Medulla = inner most; inner pore 2. Cortex - surrounds medulla 3. Cuticle - outermost layer

Answer 145

sheath that is around the hair itself - made of external and internal root sheath - arrector pili muscle associated with it - sebaceous glands are associated with it

Answer 146

most superficial to the hair; derived from stratum basale

Answer 147

- closest to the hair - derived from stratum corneum of epidermis tht inavginates downward - as soon as it invaginates around the hair, it is the internal root sheath

Answer 148

(looks like a tooth); where blood vessels come in to provide nutrients to cell to hair matrix in the bulb

Answer 149

directly attached to hair follicle - when u get goosebumps, tht is due to the arrector pili muscle contracting, pulling the hair up - it kinda gapes the skin a little, giving the goosebump look

Answer 150

Straight: hair matrix is circular Wavy: hair matrix is like a bean shape Curly: oval shape

Answer 151

- located everywhere except the plantar and palmar regions; duct dumps into a hair follicle; simple alveolar type of exocrine gland

Answer 152

- keeps hair/skin soft - protects against brittle hair/skin - protects epidermis from cracking - collects dirt - impedes water loss across skin

Answer 153

tubular exocrine gland 2 types: eccrine & apocrine

Answer 154

palms, soles, forehead, almost every where - true “sweat”; watery - thermoregulatory function - duct opens directly onto skin surface

Answer 155

axillary, anal, genital areas only - duct opens to hair follicle - milky “sweat” bc it mixes with sebum and other substances in the follicles - so this results in body odor - no thermoregulatory function