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apk exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

nervous system

A

the master controlling/communicating syst of the body

  • rapid, specific signals cause IMMEDIATE responses by the body
  • employs electrical & chem. means to send messages from 1 cell to another
  • faster than endocrine
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2
Q

endocrine system

A

communicates by chemical messengers, hormones, secreted into the blood

  • takes longer for hormones in bloodstream to get to target organ
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3
Q

3 overlapping functions of the nervous system

A
  1. sensory function: monitors changes inside and outside body; sensory info moves along a neuron, towards the brain
  2. integration function: CNS receives and interprets sensory input & makes a decision for axn
  3. motor function: motor neurons elicits response by activating effector organs

tip: SIM

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4
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain + spinal cord

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5
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A
  • all nervous tissue outside of CNS
  • cranial & spinal nerves that can have sensory/motor functions
  • connects CNS to rest of the body (muscles, glands, sensory receptors)
  • 2 branches: afferent and efferent division
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6
Q

afferent (sensory) division of PNS

A
  • made of somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers
  • conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS
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7
Q

efferent (motor) division of pNS

A
  • made of motor nerve fibers
  • conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles & glands)
  • 2 types: somatic nervous system & autonomic
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8
Q

somatic nervous system

A
  • part of PNS efferent division
  • somatic motor - voluntary control
  • conducts impulses de CNS to skeletal muscles
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9
Q

autonomic nervous system

A
  • pt of PNS efferent division; a system of motor neurons that innervate the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands of the body
  • autonomic inactivation or inhibition of the viscera; visceral motor (involuntary!!)
  • conducts impulses de CNS to cardiac, smooth muscles, and glands
  • sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
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10
Q

sympathetic nervous system (thoracolumnar division of ANS)

A

mobilizes body syst during activity - fight or flight

  • responds to stresses (physical and emotional)
  • increase body functions that support physical activity
  • decrease digestive & urinary function
  • PNS, efferent, autonomic
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11
Q

parasympathetic nervous syst

A
  • PNS, efferent, autonomic
  • rest & digest
  • conserves E, restore body E, promotes house-keeping functions during rest
  • decr body functions that support physical activity
  • incr digestive and urinary function
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12
Q

nervous tissue

A
  • made of 2 types of cells: composed of excitable neurons and non-excitable cells, neuroglia
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13
Q

special characteristics of neurons

A
  1. conductivity: able to send elect. signals from 1 body pt to another called action potential/nerve impulses
  2. extreme longevity: neurons can live and funct. for lifetime
  3. can’t divide: cannot replace themselves if destroyed (few exceptions)
  4. high metabolic rate: require constant supply of o2 and nutrients

tip: Conie meticulously long divides (conductivity, metabolism, longevity, divide)

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14
Q

neuron structure

A
  • cell body: aka soma/neurosoma; where nucleus and organelles are
  • dendrites: extensions from cell body; act as receptive regions; signals then move down to cell body
  • axon hillock: signal moves from cell body to here; tapered area
  • axon: where signal travels away from cell body; acons can be really short or really long
  • schwann cells: neuroglia; insulate axon; forms myelin sheath - sheath is not continuous
  • node of Ranvier: gaps between myelin sheath
  • terminal arborization/axon terminal: have terminal boutons; secretory region
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15
Q

structural classification of neurons

A
  1. multipolar
  2. bipolar
  3. unipolar
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16
Q

multipolar neuron

A

many processes extend de the cell body; all are dendrites except for a single axon

  • most common
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17
Q

bipolar neuron

A

2 processes extend de the cell bod; 1 is a fused dendrite and the other is an axon

  • ex: commonly are sensory neurons in eyes, nose, nasal cavity
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18
Q

unipolar neuron

A

1 process extends de the cell bod and forms central & peripheral processes. which together comprise an axon

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19
Q

functional classfication of neurons

A

grouped according to the direction in which nerve impulse travels relative to the CNS

  • afferent: towards CNS = SENSORY
  • efferent: away from CNS = motor
  • interneurons = within CNS = association
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20
Q

synapse

A

sites of communication b/w 1 cell to another

  • 3 types:
  1. axosomatic
  2. axodendritic
  3. axoaxonic

tip: SAD

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21
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

neuron tht is sending the signal to another cell

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22
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

neuron tht is receiving signal from another cell

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23
Q

axosomatic

A

axon synapses with the cell body

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24
Q

axodendritic

A

synapse b/w axon terminal and the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron

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25
Q

axoaxonic

A

synapse b/w axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron and the axon terminal of the postsynaptic neuron

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26
Q

components of synapse

A
  • axon terminal
  • synaptic vesicles; whatever they contain will be released via exocytosis; ex: neurotransmitters
  • nerve impulses - travel down from cell body to axon terminal -> signal exocytosis of neurotransmitters into SYNAPTIC CLEFT -> neurotransmitters bind to receptors on receiving side/postsynaptic cell
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27
Q

neuroglia

A
  • similar to neurons; have processes
  • different from neurons: non-excitable, don’t respond to electrical signals; smaller, more numerous (10:1), can divide thru/o life
  • cover all non-synaptic surfaces of neurons
  • 4 types of CNS neuroglia
  • 2 types of PNS neuroglia
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28
Q

CNS neuroglia

A
  1. astrocytes
  2. microglial
  3. ependymal cells
  4. oligodendrocytes

tip: observe epic astroids through microscopes

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29
Q

astrocytes

A
  • most abundant cns neuroglia
  • incr neurotransmitter reuptake
  • signal increased blood flow to active brain regions; they attach to blood vessels
  • controls the ionic environment around neurons
  • star-shaped
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30
Q

microglial cells

A

cns neuroglia; least abundant glial cells

  • smallest gial cells
  • macrophages of the CNS - eat up microorgs/pathogens
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31
Q

ependymal cells

A

cns neuroglia

  • simple, ciliated epithelium
  • forms a permeable lining of the ventricles, aka brain cavities filled w/ cerebrospinal
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32
Q

ogliodentrocytes

A
  • cns neuroglia
  • have processes tht form myelin sheaths around long axons in the cns
  • electrically insular cns axons
  • nodes of ranvier present
  • looks like octopus - coils and forms insulatory sheaths - sheaths not continuous
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33
Q

pns neuroglia

A
  1. satellite cells: cover around cell body of neuron
  2. schwann cells: form myelin sheath
    • different from oligodendrocytes bc they don’t have processes - the ENTIRE cell, itself, coils/wraps around axon
    • they surround ALL axons in PNS, but only some axons have myelin sheath; ex: if we have 20 axons, schwann cells can just lightly wrap/bundle these together -> this is not considered a myelin sheath bc the coiling is not layered
    • nodes of ranvier present along axon
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34
Q

myelin sheaths

A

concentric layers of plasma membrane of Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes tightly wrapped

  • insulate axon; makes electrical conductivity faster
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35
Q

myelinated axon of PNS process

A
  1. schwann cell wraps around axon
  2. it wraps around the axon; wrapping plasma membrane loosely around in successive layers
  3. cell cytoplasm is forced from b/w the mmrbanes. the light membrane wrapping surrounding the axon forms the myelin sheath
  • organelles and nucleus get pushed to the outside regions
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36
Q

diseases of myelin sheath

A
  • degenerative disorders
  1. multiple sclerosis
  2. tay-sachs
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37
Q

multiple sclerosis

A
  • neuroglia degenerate
  • myelin replaced by hard scar tissue
  • nerve conduction disrupted - double vision, tremors, numbness, speech defects
  • can get various symptoms depending which myelin is affected - PNS or CNS
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38
Q

tay-sachs disease

A

hereditary; in Jewish infants
- abnormal accumulation of glycolipids in myelin sheath
*disrupts conduction of nerve signals
*blindness, loss of coordination, and dementia
*fatal b4 age 4

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39
Q

nonmyelinated axons in PNS

A
  • schwann cell surrounds multiple axons, but doesn’t have concentric layers/tight coils so no insulation
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40
Q

conduction speed of nerve fibers

A
  • speed @ which nerve signal travels along a nerve fiber depends on 2 factors:
    1. diameter of fiber (larger = faster)
    2. myelinated = faster
  • signal conduction occurs along the surface of a fiber
    *lrgr fibers have more surface area and conduct signals more rapidly
    *myelin further spreads signal conduction
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41
Q

grey and white matter of the cns

A

grey matter: butter-fly shaped; consist of short nonmyelinated interneurons, neuroglia, and cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurons
* ex: cerebral cortex, central cavity

white matter: groupings of myelinated axons; fiber tracts of myelinated and nonmyelinated axons; consist of neuroglia

*DO NOT RELATE TO PNS AT ALL

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42
Q

pns nerves

A
  • cable-like ORGANS with parallel arranged axons
  • around an entire nerve, we have a fibrous connective tissue sheath, called EPINEURIUM
  • within the nerve, we have bundles of axons called FASICLCES
  • PERINEURIUM encase fasiclces
  • within fasicles, we have individual axons that are covered by its own ENDONEURIUM

(very similar to what occurs with muscle tissue)

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43
Q

integration of the pns and cns

A
  • they can work together: info from peripheral goes to central and then central tells what peripheral can do
  • ex: reflexes

REFLEX = rapid, automatic, motor response to stimuli

reflex arc involved

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44
Q

reflex

A

rapid, automatic, motor response to stimuli

  • 4 important properties of a reflex:
  1. require stimulation: reflexes are not spontaneous axns, but r responses to sensory input
  2. quick: involve few, if any, interneurons and minimum synaptic delay

3.: involuntary: occur w/o intent and difficult to suppress; automatic response

4.: stereotyped: occur essentially the same way every time

tip: stick stereo in quick

stick = put something in = input/stimulation
STEREOtyped
INvoluntary
quick

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45
Q

reflex arc

A
  1. receptor
  2. sensory neuron
  3. integration center
  4. motor neuron
  5. effector

ex: getting pricked by needle

receptor senses pain, sensory neuron brings signal to spinal cord; spinal cord = integration b/w pns and cns; interneurons synapse with motor neuron to send signal to effector; effector carries out axn, like contracting muscles to remove finger

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46
Q

knee-jerk (patellar) reflex

A
  • ex of a stretch/tendon reflex
  • dr taps on ur patellar tendon -> hammer pulls tendon a bit
  1. sensory/strecth receptor: quadriceps senses slight pull
  2. sensory afferent nueron: sends signal to spinal cord; DIRECTLY SYNPASES WITH MOTOR EFFERENT - does not to go all the way to the brain
  3. motor efferent neuron: sends signal to quadriceps/effector
  4. effector: quadricepts contract and extends the knee
  • how many neurons and synapses are involved?
    • 2 neurons - 1 afferent, 1 efferent
    • 1 synapse

thus, this is called a monosynaptic stretch reflex

  • reciprocal inhibition also occurs
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47
Q

reciprocal inhibition

A

reflex phenomenon that prevents muscles from working against e/o by inhibiting the antagonist

  • ex: during knee reflex, ur hamstring are inhibited while quadriceps contract
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48
Q

types of reflexes

A
  1. stretch
  2. withdrawal
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49
Q

flexor/withdrawal reflex

A
  • contraction of flexor muscles resulting in the withdrawal of a limb from an injurious stimulus
  • ipsilateral reflex arc: communication b/w sensory and motor neurons occur on same side of spinal cord
  • ex: u touch a thumb tack and u quickly pull away
  1. sensory receptor detects prick
  2. sensory afferent neuron sends signal to spinal cord
  3. interneuron: sensory afferent neuron synapses with interneuron, which synapses with motor efferent neuron
  4. motor efferent neuron: sends signal to effector
  5. effector: carry out action; biceps contract
  • ex of polysynaptic reflex; 3 neurons, 2 synapses
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50
Q

do all reflexes have to cause a response to the same side of the body as where the stimulus occurred?

A

no

crossed extension reflex/contralateral reflexes possible

  • ex: u go to the beach and step in something sharp- 1 foot lifts off/withdraws, but the other needs to contract & extend to keep u balanced or else u fall
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51
Q

directional terms for the CNS

A
  1. rostral: towards the snout
  2. caudal: towards tail; in humans, caudal does not mean our back, but the end of our spinal cord, near the tail bone
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52
Q

major divisions of the brain

A
  1. cerebrum
  2. diencephalon
  3. cerebellum
  4. brain stem
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53
Q

cerebrum

A

largest part of the brain, over 80% of brain’s mass -> left and right hemisphere

  • cerebral hemispheres; cortex, white matter, basal nuclei
  • wrinkles incr SA
  • associated with lateral ventricles
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54
Q

diencephalon

A

includes thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

Tip: THE

  • also includes the retina
  • associated with the third ventricle
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55
Q

cerebellum

A

2nd lrgst part of the brain; underneath diencephalon

associated with the 4th ventricle

  • similar arrangement as the cerebrum
    *2 hemispheres
    *cortex: grey matter with many folds called FOLIA
    *white matter: tracts called ARBOR VITAE
    *deep gray matter
    *vermis: connects 2 hemispheres of cerebellum
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56
Q

brain stem

A

rostral continuation of the spinal cord; consists of the:

  1. medulla oblongata
  2. pons
  3. midbrain: associated with the cerebral aqueduct

medulla and pons associated with 4th centricle

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57
Q

brain ventricles

A
  • cerebrospinal fluid-filled spaces in the brain; continuous w/ e/o and the central canal
  • lined with ciliated ependymal cells
  • provide CSF to nearby brain regions
58
Q

spinal cord

A

associated with central canal; pt of CNS

59
Q
A
60
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A
  • plasma filtrate; nourishes and removes waste
  • cushions brain during jolting
  • allows brain to be buoyant
61
Q

anatomy of ventricles

A
  • lateral ventricle: we have 2 total, 1 for each hemisphere (looks like a ram’s horn anteriorly); largest ventricles
  • third ventricle: lateral vent. flows into this one; have 1 on each side of cerebrum; small middle section inferior to lateral ventricle; looks like a rooster’s head + beak
  • cerebral aqueduct: more caudal, small
  • fourth ventricle: small canal

**LOOK UP PICS SO U KNOW HOW TO ID THEM

62
Q

cerebrum gross anatomy

A
  1. cerebral cortex: most superficial aspect of the cerebrum; gray matter
  2. deep gray matter: deeper, short nonmyelinated axons
  3. cerebral white matter: elongated areas of axons; vast majority are myelinated axons even tho u have unmylienated ones
  4. fissure: deep groove, divides brain in half
  5. sulcus: groove
  6. gyrus: folds/peaks
63
Q

lobes of the brain

A
  1. frontal
  2. parietal
  3. temporal lobe
  4. occipital
  5. insular lobe: need to take off frontal and temporal lobe to see this bc it’s deep within the brain
64
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

splits brain into right and left hemispheres

65
Q

main sulci

A
  1. central sulcus: divides frontal and parietal lobe
  2. parietal-occipital sulcus: separates pariet. and occip. lobe
  3. lateral sulcus: separate temporal lobe from other lobes
66
Q

important gyri

A
  1. precentral gyrus: fold that comes before the central sulcus, part of the frontal lobe
  2. postcentral gyrus: after central sulcus; part of parietal lobe

have specific functions in motor and sensory commands

67
Q

frontal lobe

A
  • motor command
  • has precentral gyrus, primary motor cortex
68
Q

parietal lobe

A
  • has postcentral gyrus where the primary somatosensory cortex is
  • skin sensations: pressure, heat, cold, pain; info from joints and muscles - muscle stretch info
69
Q

occipital lobe

A
  • has primary visual cortex
70
Q

temporal lobe

A
  • has primary auditory cortex
71
Q

somatotopy

A

a mapping of areas of the body associated with specific areas of the brain

  • is an upside-down map of the contralateral side of the body - this is bc left side of body is controlled by right side of brain and vice versa
  • amt of cortex devoted to a given body region is proportional to either the # of muscles and motor units there or the # of receptors for a particular body part
  • ex: on motor side, face and hand is enlarged bc u have more motor neurons associated with these areas bc u do more movements here
72
Q

cerebral white matter

A

3 types
1. commissural fibers: fibers move b/w right and left hemispheres, connecting them; largest structure formed by these = corpus callosum

  1. associational fibers: intrahemispheric; they travel to different parts of a hemisphere, but they don’t cross over and stay in 1 hemisphere
    • long or short
  2. projection fibers: move b/w cerebral cortex and lower CNS areas; verticle fibers
73
Q

cerebral deep grey matter

A
  • basal nuclei (nuclei = cluster/grp of cell bodies)/ganglia
    *initiates and terminates body mvnts
    *suppresses unwanted mvnts

*dont need to know these bottom ones
- basal forebrain nuclei
- claustrum
- amygdala

74
Q

diencephalon

A
  1. thalamus: egg-shaped; 1 in each hemisphere; relay station
  2. hypothalamus: directly inferior to thalamus
  3. epithalamus aka pineal gland - releases melatonin (regulates sleep); also includes posterior commissure
75
Q

thalamus

A

pt of diencephalon

  • “gateway to the cerebral cortex” bc it is a relay center; nearly all input to the cerebrum passes by way of synapses in the thalamic nuclei, filters info on its way to cerebral cortex
  • ventral posterolateral nuclei = relay sensory
  • medial geniculate body = relay auditory
  • lateral geniculate body = relay visual

tip: Later, VIew Victoria SEcret Model AUDitions

76
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls homeostasis: hunger, thirst, body temp, release of hormones from pituitary gland

  • forms the lateral walls of the 3rd ventricle
  • have mammillary bodies on inferior side (2 small projections)
  • infundibulum: where pituitary gland hangs off of; connects hypothalamus to pituitary gland
77
Q

optic chiasm

A

where optic nerves cross over , looks like an X

78
Q

interthalamic adhesion

A

little tissue that connects the 2 thalamus on either side of brain

79
Q

midbrain

A
  1. cerebral peduncles
  2. cerebral aqueduct
  3. corpora quadrigemina
80
Q

cerebral peduncles

A

composed mostly of motor axons from the cortex to the cerebellum and spinal cord

  • look like columns/pillars supporting the cerebrun
  • located ventrally/anteriorly
81
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

passes thru the center of the midbrain

  • skinnier canal that will move the CSF from 3rd ventricle -> 4th ventricle
82
Q

corpora quadrigemina

A

nuclei that form 4 bumps on the dorsal midbrain

  • superior colliculi - visual reflexes; ex: snap neck to look at something when u detect it in ur peripheral region
  • inferior colliculi - auditory reflexes; ex: turning ur head quickly when u hear a loud sound
83
Q

pons

A

like a “bridge”

  • connect brain step to cerebellum
  • viewed ventrally as superficial, transverse fibers
  • superior pontine border & inferior pontine border = ends of the pons
84
Q

medulla oblongata

A
  • key to homeostasis
  • continuous with superior aspect of the spinal cord
  • from the foramen magnum to inferior pontine border
  • pyramids - motor tracts that form bulges on the anterior surface of the medulla; send info down spinal cord to effector; site of MOTOR DECUSSATION only (not sensory)
  • olives - nuclei that form bulges just lateral to the pyramids; sensory relay station
85
Q

motor decussation

A

crossing over point for motor information; in pyramids of medulla oblongata

86
Q

lobes and functions of the cerebellum

A
  1. anterior lobe
  2. posterior lobe
  3. flocculonodular node: coordination of head and eye movements
  • posterior and anterior lobes important for motor coordination of trunk and limbs; make sure you’re coordinating your body movements; balance; smoothing out movements
87
Q

meninges

A

protective coverings around brain and spinal cord; made of CT tissue

3 layers:

  • dura mater: most superficial matrix
  • arachnoid mater: middle meninx
  • pia mater: deepest meninx
88
Q

protective coverings of the cns

A
  1. skull: protect brain
  2. vertebrae: protect spinal cord
  3. meninges
89
Q

dura mater

A

has 2 layers

  1. periosteal
  2. meningeal layer: below periosteal layer
  • both layers stuck together; only come apart when they form sinuses
90
Q

meninges: spaces and septa

A
  • superior sagittal sinus: lrgst sinus in the brain
  • subdural space: b/w dura and arachnoid mater
  • subarachnoid space; lots of blood vessels within; CSF fills up this area a lot
  • arachnoid granulation: open up and allow CSF to get drained into the sinuses
  • dura mater: periosteal, meninges
  • arachnoid mater
  • pia mater
  • falx cerebri: ct layer that fuses together and moves down the longitudinal fissure
  • CSF is found inside and outside the brain
  • CSF gets deposited into dural venous sinuses around the brain
91
Q

falx cerebri

A

separates the cerebral hemispheres

92
Q

falx cerebelli

A

separates the cerebellar hemispheres

93
Q

tentorum cereblli

A
  • like a tent
  • separates the cerebellum from cerebrum
94
Q

spinal cord

A

sensory and motor innervation of the whole body (inferior to the head)

  • 2-way conduction pathway b/w brain and body (inferior to the head)
  • major integration center for reflexes
  • bc the spinal cord doesn’t extend to the. endof the spinal column, spinal cord segments are typically located superior to su respective vertebrae
  • spinal cord ends at L1 or a little beyond
  • gives ride to 31 pairs of spinal nerves
95
Q

gross anatomy of spinal cord

A
  • cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral spinal nerves
    • allow spinal nerves to exit out - SPINAL NERVES ARE ONLY PT OF THE PNS, NOT CNS
  • cervical enlargment: slight bulge in cervical region
  • dura and arachnoid mater: thoracic region
  • lumbar region: lumbar enlargment, conus medullaris (most caudal structure of the CNS, end of spinal cord), cauda aquina (spinal nerves; pt of PNS)
  • filum terminals: extension of pia mater of the meninges; acts as anchor for spinal cord
96
Q

gross anatomy of spinal cord and nerve roots

A
  • gray matter: neuron cell bodies and axons with little myelin
    *gray commissure (cross bar of the H/butterfly shape) connects both sides
    *dorsal horn, ventral horn, lateral horn: how to tell ventral. vs dorsal: gray matter on dorsal side/backside extends right to the edge of the spinal cord; ventral side: gray matter doesn’t touch the front of the spinal cord; lateral horn only associated with the thoracic segments of the spinal cord
  • white matter: abundantly myelinated axons
    *dorsal, ventral, lateral funiculus/column: elongated column; area outside of H/butterfly shape
  • nerve roots: pt of PNS not CNS
  • central canal: hole @ center of spinal cord
  • dorsal median sulcus
  • ventral median fissure: deeper than sulcus, on front side
  • meninges & it’s 3 layers
97
Q

spinal cord segments

A

*need to know what they all look like

  • cervical: lrg amts of white matter; anterior grey horn is lrg; elongated oval shape
  • thoracic: v small amt of grey matter; less elongated; lateral horn of grey matter specific to this segment
  • lumbar: large anterior/posterior grey horns; considerably less white matter compared to cervical
  • sacral: small in diameter, but relatively lrg amts of gray matter
98
Q

dorsal and ventral roots

A

specific to PNS

  • dorsal roots bring sensory info in towards the spinal cord
  • ventral: sends commands out of spinal cord
99
Q

tracts

A

parallel bundles of axons within CNS traveling up or down

  • grpings. of white matter columns are named according to where a tract begins (soma) and where it ends (axon terminals)
  • spinal cord white matter is both sensory and motor
  • ASCENDING tracts: sensory info
  • DESCENDING TRACTS: motor info
100
Q

mixed nerves

A

contain afferent & efferent axons

101
Q

motor nerves

A

contain only efferent axons

102
Q

sensory nerves

A

contain only afferent axons

103
Q

somatic sensory

A
  • part of sensory/afferent division of PNS
  • general: touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temp, and proprioception in skin, body wall, and limbs
  • special: hearing, equilibrium, vision
104
Q

visceral sensory

A
  • part of sensory/afferent division of PNS
  • general: stretch, pain, temp, chem changes, irritation in viscera; nausea, hunger
  • special: taste, smell
105
Q

cranial nerves

A
  • 12 pairs of nerves
  • attached to brain & pass thru skull foramina
  • numbered with roman numerals de rostral to caudal
  • each nerve is either: motor, sensory, or mixed
106
Q

olfactory nerve (i)

A
  • it projects thru the cribriform foramina of the ethmoid bone
  • function: special visceral sensory, sense of smell
  • origin: olfactory receptor cells (bipolar neuron) in the olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity
107
Q

optic nerve (ii)

A
  • special somatic sensory nerve, vision
  • crosses over @ optic chiasma
  • passes thru optic canal of sphenoid bone
  • origin: retina of eyes
108
Q

oculomotor nerve (iii)

A
  • motor nerve: both somatic and visceral

somatic:
- innervates the 4 extrinsic eye muscles to move the eye:
1. superior rectus
2. medial rectus
3. inferior rectus
4. inferior oblique
- innervates levator palpebrae superiors muscle that elevates the upper eyelid

visceral:
- constricts muscles or the iris to constrict pupil
- ciliary muscle controls lens shape

109
Q

trochlear nerve (iv)

A
  • motor-only type of cranial nerve
  • innervates 1 muscle of the eye: superior oblique muscle
110
Q

trigeminal nerve (v)

A
  • mixed nerve
  • somatic motor function: mastication (chewing)
  • somatic sensory: touch, temp, and pain on the face
  • has 3 divisions: ophthalmic (v1), maxillary (v2), and mandibular (v3)
111
Q

abducens nerve (vi)

A
  • 3rd nerve that innervates eye muscle: lateral rectus
  • somatic motor function: abducts the eye
112
Q

facial nerve (vii)

A
  • mixed nerve
  • somatic motor nerve function: controls facial muscles for facial expression; parasympathetic innervation to glands
  • somatic sensory: special sensory taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue
113
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve (viii)

A
  • 2 nerves in 1: vestibular and cochlear nerve
  • sensory function
    *vestibular: special somatic sensory, equilibrium
    • cochlear: special somatic sensory, hearing
114
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve (ix)

A
  • mixed nerve
  • somatic motor function: swallowing; innervate muscles of the tongue, the pharynx, and the parotid salivary gland
  • sensory: taste posterior 1/3 of tongue, middle ear cavity
115
Q

vagus nerve (x)

A
  • mixed nerve
  • somatic motor function: swallowing and vocalization
  • parasympathetic innervation to the thoracic and abdominal viscera; alter heart rate, dictate constriction and relaxation of airways
116
Q

accessory nerve (xi)

A
  • motor only nerve
  • innervates skeletal muscles: trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles that move head and neck
117
Q

hypoglossal nerve (xii)

A
  • motor only
  • somatic motor function: innervate the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue; aid tongue mvmnt during feeding, swallowing, and speech
118
Q

spinal nerves

A
  • C1-C8
  • T1-T12
  • L1-L5
  • S1-S2
  • Coccygeal nerve Co1

grouped into:
- cervical plexus
- brachial plexus
- cervical enlargement
- intercostal nerves
- lumbar enlargement
- lumbar plexus
- sacral plexus
- cauda equina

  • spinal nerves exit out above the vertebra for all the c1-c8 nerves, but starting from the thoracic region, the corresponding nerves exit below the vertebra
119
Q

spinal cord structure

A
  • each spinal nerve is attached to the spinal cord by a ventral root and a dorsal root
  • each root forms from a series of rootlets, which span the length of the spinal cord
  • only the dorsal root will have a ganglion (called the dorsal root ganglion)
  • spinal nerve: formed the roots coming together; spinal nerve is mixed (motor and sensory)
  • spinal nerve splits; the split is called the ramus (the rami are mixed - motor and sensory)
120
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

a cluster of cell bodies

  • the cell bodies = unipolar neurons
121
Q

ventral roots

A

carry only motor axons

  • motor info makes it way thu ventral side of spinal cord and out thru ventral root -> spinal nerve -> ventral or dorsal ramus
122
Q

dorsal roots

A

carry only sensory axons

ex: sensory info from arm -> ventral ramus -> spinal nerve -> dorsal root ganglion -> dorsal root -> gray matter

123
Q

nerve plexuses

A
  • the ventral rami of all spinal nerves (except T1-T12) branch and join 1 another forming an interlacing network of axons
  • primarily serve the limbs
  • bc of this arrangement, if a single spinal nerve is damaged, it does not completely paralyze any limb muscle
124
Q

T2-T12 (back & thoracic) innervation

A
  • all dorsal rami supply the back of the trunk in a segmented fashion
  • the ventral rami of the thorax (T2-T12) supplies the remainder of the thorax in a segmented fashion via the intercostal nerves
125
Q

cervical plexus (C1-C5)

A
  • located deep in the neck, under the sternocleidomastoid muscle
  • phrenic nerve = primary nerve; innervates diaphragm
126
Q

brachial plexus (C4-T1)

A
  • axillary nerve: posterior shoulder region
  • radial nerve: posterior of upper limbs
  • musculocutaneous nerve: upper portions of arm
  • ulnar nerve: forearm, pinky finger and half of the ring finger
  • median nerve: along radius/thumb side; remainder of digits

tip: ur mam

127
Q

lumbar plexus (L1-L4)

A
  • femoral nerve: innervates vast majority of the thighs
  • obturator nerve: innervates the medial side. of the thighs
128
Q

sacral plexus (L4-S4)

A
  • sciatic nerve: back of thighs and legs
129
Q

dermatomes

A
  • an area of the skin tht provides sensory input to the CNS via 1 pair of spinal nerves; a map that denotes which pair of nerve is responsible for sensory info along that part of the skin
  • compare the arrangement on the trunk to that on the limbs
    • they run down the limbs
    • trunk: they are more segmented and are more circular and horizontal
130
Q

somatic motor vs autonomic motor

A

somatic NS:
multipolar neuron from CNS -> heavily myelinated axon from PNS -> Ach released @ neuromuscular junction -> stimulate effector = skeletal muscle to contract

autonomic NS:

sympathetic option 1: multipolar neurons from CNS -> lightly myelinated, preganglionic axon from PNS -> Ach released @ ganglion (meeting. pt b/w 2 neurons in the ANS) -> postganglionic axon (some of these will be unmyelinated) -> NE (norepinephrine) released -> incr/decr effect of effector = smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle

sympathetic option 2: multipolar neurons from CNS -> lightly myelinated, preganglionic axon from PNS -> ganglion release Ach @ synapse with adrenal gland -> NE released from adrenal medulla -> incr/decr effect of effector = smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle
***preganglionic axons will always be short!!!! post ones are long!!!

parasympathetic: multipolar neurons from CNS -> lightly myelinated, preganglionic axon from PNS -> releases Ach @ ganglion -> unmyelinated post ganglionic axon releases Ach -> > incr/decr effect of effector = smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle

***preganglionic axons will always be long!! post ones are short!!

131
Q

autonomic nervous system neurons

A
  • preganglionic neuron: soma located in the CNS
    • sympathetic: lateral horn of thoracolumbar spinal cord
    • parasympathetic: brainstem or sacral spinal cord
  • postganglionic neuron: soma located in PNS
132
Q

parasympathetic ganglia (terminal ganglia)

A
  • aka craniosacral division of ANS
  • terminal ganglia: located close to or within the wall of an organ
  • bc terminal ganglia are located close to the effector organ:
    • long preganglionic axons (CNS-> ganglia)
    • short postganglionic axons (ganglia -> effector)
  • cranial outflow: 4 cranial nerves
  • sacral outflow: sacral spinal nerves
133
Q

cranial nerves associated with parasympathetic function

A

CN III Oculomotor - pupillary constriction

CN VII Facial - lacrimal gland (tear production); sublingual and submandibular salivary glands

CN IX Glossopharyngeal - Parotid gland

CN X Vagus - visceral organs of the thorax (ex: heart) and upper 2/3rds of the abdomen; 90% of preganglionic parasympathetic fibers

tip to remember:
3 + 7 = 10 (cn 3, 7, and 10) and u just need to memorize 9 is also included

Paris Occultists Face Glossy Vaginas (Parasymapthetic, Oculomotor, Facial, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus)

134
Q

sympathetic ganglia

A
  • paravertebral ganglia: located in a vertical row to either side of the vertebral column
  • prevertebral ganglia: located anterior to the vertebral column, on the abdominal aorta
  • bc most sympathetic ganglia are near spinal cord:
    *short preganglionic axons (spinal cord -> ganglion)
    *long postganglionic axons (ganglion -> effector)
135
Q

adrenal glands

A
  • paired adrenal (suprarenal) glands on the superior poles of the kidneys
  • each is 2 glands w/ diff functions (2 layers)
    • adrenal cortex
      *adrenal medulla
136
Q

adrenal cortex

A
  • outer layer of adrenal gland
  • secretes steroid hormones
137
Q

adrenal medulla

A

inner core

  • stimulated by preganglionic sympathetic neurons that terminate on these cells
  • secretes a mix of hormones into bloodstream: 85% epinephrine (adrenaline) & 15% norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
138
Q

autonomic tone

A

describes the normal backgrnd rate of activity that represents the balance of the 2 systems (symp/para) according to the bod’s changing needs

  • the 2 systems often oppose e/o

exceptions = skin, liver, adrenal gland, which are key effectors that is innervated by only the sympathetic NS

139
Q

ex: autonomic control of the heart

A
  • heart has pacemaker cells tht can self generate electrical signals that dictate heart rate
  • vagi can innervate the pacemaker cells & decr heart rate (parasymp. effect)
  • sympathetic chain (nerves of symp. NS): some of these nerves can go to pacemaker cells & incr heart rate; can also go to muscular wall of heart & control the force that the heart beats with
140
Q

ex: autonomic control of the bronchioles

A
  • smooth muscle found in wall of bronchioles - dictate dilation/constriction
  • sympathetic: causes bronchodilation; muscle relaxes to open airways -> can supply more o2 to muscles for movement
  • parasympathetic: causes constriction; muscle contracts to close airways
141
Q

adrenergic vs cholinergic receptors

A

adrenergic = autonomic receptors. tht bind to adrenaline & noradrenaline; serve sympathetic NS

cholinergic: autonomic receptors tht bind to Ach

apk2100c (4 decks)

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