APICS Deck 8 OO Flashcards

Question

# Card 8 tactical plan(s)

Answer 1

The set of functional plans (e.g., production plan, sales plan, marketing plan) synchronizing activities across functions that specify production levels, capacity levels, staffing levels, funding levels, and so on, for achieving the intermediate goals and objectives to support the organization’s strategic plan. See: aggregate planning, operational plan, production plantactical T ning, sales and operations planning, strategic plan, tactical planning.T

Answer 2

The time in which a part can reliably be obtained if necessary.T

Answer 3

A type of planning bill that is arranged in product modules or options. It is often used in companies where the product has many optional features (e.g., assemble-to-order companies such as automobile manufacturers). See: pseudo bill of material.M

Answer 4

An analytical tool that visualizes that quality is composed of four layers of achievement: (1) inspection, (2) process measurement and improvement, (3) process control, and (4) design for quality.Q

Answer 5

A statement of requirements in terms of quantity per unit of time (hour, day, week, month, etc.).D

Answer 6

An inventory transaction to move a quantity from one valid location (bin) to another valid location (bin).B B

Answer 7

1) Items in inventory. 2) Stored products or service parts ready for sale, as distinguished from stores, which are usually components or raw materials.S

Answer 8

Syn: earned hours.E

Answer 9

A supplier’s certification that the supplies or services in question meet specified requirements. C

Answer 10

An online trading exchange that enables both information integration and collaboration between multiple trading partners.V

Answer 11

or a long-term value (such as equipment, land, and buildings). See: balance sheet, liabilities, owner’s equity.A

Answer 12

Movement and storage of goods inside the distribution center. This represents a capital cost and is balanced against the operating costs of the facility.M

Answer 13

The company statement of purpose.M

Answer 14

A method of subdividing a picking list by areas within a storeroom for more efficient and rapid order picking. A zone-picked order must be grouped to a single location before delivery or must be delivered to different locations, such as work centers. See: batch picking, discrete order picking, order picking.Z

Answer 15

Acronym for general agreement on tariffs and trade.G

Answer 16

1) An evaluation of employee performance. 2) In total quality management, the formal evaluation and audit of quality.A

Answer 17

The processing of transaction data as soon as the transaction occurs. It is real-time processing as opposed to batch processing. See: real time.O

Answer 18

Abbreviation for supply chain event management.S

Answer 19

Syn: fixed reorder quantity inventory model.Q

Answer 20

The price currently being paid as opposed to standard cost.C

Answer 21

Raw ingredients or intermediates available for further processing into marketable products.P

Answer 22

An extreme change in the supply position upstream in a supply chain generated by a small change in demand downstream in the supply chain. Inventory can quickly move from being backordered to being excess. This is caused by the serial nature of communicating orders up the chain with the inherent transportation delays of moving product down the chain. The bullwhip effect can be eliminated by synchronizing the supply chain.B

Answer 23

A technique used in MRP where a planned order receipt in one time period will require the release of that order in an earlier time period based on the lead time for the item. Syn: component lead-time offset, offsetting.L

Answer 24

Acronym for computer-aided manufacturing.C

Answer 25

That unique capability that is central to a company’s competitive strategy.C

Answer 26

A situation in which a piece of freight designated by the shipping document is missing from delivery.S

Answer 27

A purchasing operation that does not employ purchase requisitions or hard-copy purchase orders. In actual practice, a small amount of paperwork usually remains, normally in the form of the supplier schedule.P

Answer 28

The sequence of operations that components follow during their manufacture into a product. A typical product structure would show raw material converted into fabricated components, components put together to make subassemblies, subassemblies going into assemblies, and so forth.P

Answer 29

must arrive on time.C

Answer 30

Abbreviation for American Society for Quality.A

Answer 31

Syn: setup.T

Answer 32

A condition where loss occurs along several operations resulting in a decreased yield for the end item. Syn: cumulative yield.C

Answer 33

A quantity that has a fixed value. Ant: variable.C

Answer 34

Syn: overlapped schedule.L

Answer 35

In the critical path method of project management, the last date upon which a given activity can be completed without delaying the completion date of the project.L

Answer 36

A financial ratio to determine how an organization’s resources perform relative to the revenue the resources produce. Activity ratios include inventory turnover, receivables conversion period, fixed-asset turnover, and return on assets.A

Answer 37

A technique to improve management focus and overall productivity by creating autonomous business units within a larger physical plant. Syn: plant within a plant.F

Answer 38

The smallest unit of time in a project plan.C

Answer 39

Syn: design for service.D

Answer 40

Syn: time card.C

Answer 41

The act of buying capacity or machine time from a supplier. A company can then schedule and use the capacity of the machine or a part of the capacity of the machine as if it were in its own plant.P

Answer 42

A warehouse located between customers and manufacturing plants to provide increased customer service and reduced distribution cost.I

Answer 43

Capabilities of an organization in which poor performance can cause loss of business. Failure to meet customer expectations with delivery of the product is an order loser. See: order qualifiers, order winners.O

Answer 44

A set of individuals assigned outside normal channels to develop ideas for new products.V

Answer 45

In the theory of constraints: The planned amount by which the available capacity exceeds current productive capacity. This capacity provides protection from planned activities, such as resource contention, and preventive maintenance and unplanned activities, such as resource breakdown, poor quality, rework, or lateness. Safety capacity plus productive capacity plus excess capacity is equal to 100 percent of capacity. Syn: capacity cushion. See: protective capacity.S

Answer 46

Abbreviation for activity-based planning.A

Answer 47

In repetitive just-in-time production, matching actual output cycle times of all operations to the demand or use for parts as required by final assembly and, eventually, as required by the market.B

Answer 48

In accounting, an income statement having values expressed as a percentage of sales rather than dollar values.C

Answer 49

In transportation, the costs related to issuing invoices or bills. These amounts can be reduced by combining shipments in an order to limit transportation frequency.B

Answer 50

A diagram that shows the operations, interrelationships, and interdependencies of components in a system. Boxes, or blocks (hence the name), represent the components; connecting lines between the blocks represent interfaces. There are two types of block diagrams: (1) functional block diagrams, which show a system’s subsystems and lower level products, their interrelationships, and interfaces with other systems and (2) reliability block diagrams, which are similar to functional block diagrams except they are modified to emphasize those aspects influencing reliability. See: flowchart.B

Answer 51

In the process industry, an item used in the manufacture of itself. For example, in the manufacture of plastic, the ingredients will include the parent as well as the components.H

Answer 52

Hardware and software that create an apparently real environment.V

Answer 53

Syn: resource contention.C

Answer 54

The parts of a master production schedule that should not be changed or should be changed rarely.F

Answer 55

A short-haul flat-bottomed barge.L

Answer 56

A system for using data from the shop floor to maintain and communicate status information on shop orders (manufacturing orders) and on work centers. Shop floor control can use order control or flow control to monitor material movement through the facility. The major subfunctions of shop floor control are (1) assigning priority of each shop order; (2) maintaining working-process quantity information; (3) conveying shop order status information to the office; (4) providing actual output data for capacity control purposes; (5) providing quantity by location by shop order for work-in-process inventory and accounting purposes; and (6) providing measurement of efficiency, utilization, and productivity of the workforce and machines. The major subfunctions for flow control are based primarily on production rates and feeding work into production to meet these planned rates, then monitoring and controlling production. See: flow control, order control, production activity control.S

Answer 57

When an exporter buys unrelated goods or services from an importer.C

Answer 58

Acronym for North American Free Trade Agreement.N National Association of Purchasing Management

Answer 59

Syn: industrial market.P

Answer 60

A method of process planning in which a computer system assists in the development of manufacturing process plans (defining operation sequences, machine and tooling requirements, cut parameters, part tolerances, inspection criteria, and other items). Artificial intelligence and classification and coding systems may be used in the generation of the process plan.C

Answer 61

A commitment, either expressed or implied, that a certain fact regarding the subject matter of a contract is presently true or will be true. The word should be distinguished from guarantee, which means a contract or promise by an entity to answer for the performance of a product or person. See: general warranty, guarantee, special warranty.W

Answer 62

Models that enable decision makers to evaluate various alternatives across several decision criteria.M

Answer 63

The time allowed a customer to pay an invoice in full.C

Answer 64

A plant established to focus the entire manufacturing system on a limited, concise, manageable set of products, technologies, volumes, and markets precisely defined by the company’s competitive strategy, technology, and economics. See: cellular manufacturing.F

Answer 65

A cross-functional team of specialists formed to manage new product introduction. See: crossfunctional team.C

Answer 66

The process of developing one or more schedules to enable mixed-model production. The goal is to achieve a day’s production each day. See: mixed-model production.M

Answer 67

1) A quantity scheduled to be produced or in production. See: process batch, transfer batch. 2) For discrete products, the batch is planned to be the standard batch quantity, but during production, the standard batch quantity may be broken into smaller lots. See: lot. 3) In nondiscrete products, the batch is a quantity that is planned to be produced in a given time period based on a formula or recipe that often is developed to produce a given number of end items. 4) A type of manufacturing process used to produce items with similar designs and that may cover a wide range of order volumes. Typically, items ordered are of a repeat nature, and production may be for a specific customer order or for stock replenishment. See: project manufacturing.B

Answer 68

Demand, having a short lead time, that is difficult to estimate. Usually supply for this demand is provided at a premium price.S

Answer 69

A way of managing inventory and improving picking by making all parts easy to take off of a shelf, much like the shelves of a supermarket. Inventory is then restocked in such a way that employees always have easy access.S

Answer 70

A supplier organization with which a company has formed a customer-supplier partnership. See: outpartnering.S

Answer 71

A purchase order issued to a supplier, listing the goods or services and terms of an order placed orally or otherwise before the usual purchase document.C

Answer 72

The complete, registered address (URL) of an internet site.F

Answer 73

A group of companies that agree to cooperate, rather than compete, in producing a product or service, thus limiting or regulating competition.C

Answer 74

The advantage a company has over its rivals in attracting customers and defending against competitors. Sources of the advantage include characteristics that a competitor cannot duplicate without substantial cost and risk, such as a manufacturing technique, brand name, or human skill set. Syn: competitive edge.C

Answer 75

The amount of time, eliminating all stops, waiting, and additional time due to error, that is needed for one item to go through an entire process.T

Answer 76

A listing of all upper level configurations contained in an end-item product family. Its application is most useful when there are multiple end-item configurations in the same product family. It is used to provide a transition linkage between the enditem level and a two-level master production schedule. It also provides a correlation between the various units of upper level product definition.P

Answer 77

A carrier that does not serve the general public, but provides transportation for hire for one or a limited number of shippers under a specific contract.C C

Answer 78

1) The stages a new product goes through from beginning to end (i.e., the stages that a product passes through from introduction through growth, maturity, and decline). 2) The time from initial research and development to the time at which sales and support of the product to customers are withdrawn. 3) The period of time during which a product can be produced and marketed profitably.P

Answer 79

In information systems, a system where one person holds a private key (an encryption code defining access rights) but shares another key with a set of people with whom that person will communicate. See: private key.P

Answer 80

The value of goods and services acquired for which payment has not yet been made.A

Answer 81

Total assets minus total liabilities.N

Answer 82

A type of in-process inventory that arises because of the time required to move goods from one place to another.M

Answer 83

A method of just-in-time production that uses standard containers or lot sizes with a single card attached to each. It is a pull system in which work centers signal with a card that they wish to withdraw parts from feeding operations or suppliers. The Japanese word kanban, loosely translated, means card, billboard, or sign but other signaling devices such as colored golf balls have also been used. The term is often used synonymously for the specific scheduling system developed and used by the Toyota Corporation in Japan. See: move card, production card, synchronized production.K

Answer 84

An artificial grouping of items that facilitates planning. See: modular bill of material, phantom bill of material, planning bill of material, super bill of material.P

Answer 85

public ownership and operation of a business enterprise.N

Answer 86

A tool used to ensure that important steps or actions in an operation have been taken. Checklists contain items that are important or relevant to an issue or situation.C

Answer 87

An estimate of future demand. A forecast can be constructed using quantitative methods, qualitative methods, or a combination of methods, and it can be based on extrinsic (external) or intrinsic (internal) factors. Various forecasting techniques attempt to predict one or more of the four components of demand: cyclical, random, seasonal, and trend. Syn: sales forecast. See: Box-Jenkins model, exponential smoothing forecast, extrinsic forecasting method, intrinsic forecasting method, moving average forecast, qualitative forecasting method, quantitative forecasting method.F

Answer 88

The characteristic in an MRP system when minor changes in higher level (e.g., level 0 or 1) records or the master production schedule cause significant timing or quantity changes in lower level (e.g., level 5 or 6) schedules and orders. Syn: system nervousness.N

Answer 89

Vehicle weight including freight or passengers.G

Answer 90

Syn: synchronized production.S

Answer 91

The technical features designed into a product.E

Answer 92

A system that allows the user to simulate the effectiveness of numerous forecasting techniques, enabling selection of the most effective one.F

Answer 93

The process of calculating net requirements.N

Answer 94

The process of determining the amount of capacity required to produce in the future. This process may be performed at an aggregate or product-line level (resource requirements planning), at the master-scheduling level (rough-cut capacity planning), and at the material requirements planning level (capacity requirements planning). See: capacity requirements planning, resource planning, rough-cut capacity planning.C

Answer 95

Abbreviation for total cost of ownership.T

Answer 96

Model used for forecasting with more than one independent variable.M

Answer 97

The extra operating costs to bring the plant or product on-stream incurred between the completion of construction and the start of normal operations. In addition to the difference between actual operating costs during that period and normal costs, they include employee training, equipment tests, process adjustments, salaries and travel expense of temporary labor staff and consultants, report writing, post-startup monitoring, and associated overhead. Additional capital required to correct plant problems may be included. Startup costs are sometimes capitalized.S

Answer 98

Financial ratios that are indicators of a firm’s ability to retire short-term financial obligations.L

Answer 99

Inventory that does not meet quality requirements but has not yet been sent to rework, scrapped, or returned to a supplier.R

Answer 100

The process by which a buyer and a supplier agree upon the conditions surrounding the purchase of an item or a service.N

Answer 101

A hybrid inventory system in which the inventory analyst reviews the inventory position at fixed time periods. If the inventory level is found to be above a preset reorder point, no action is taken. If the inventory level is at or below the reorder point, the analyst orders a variable quantity equal to M – x where M is a maximum stock level and x is the current quantity on hand and on order (if any). This hybrid system does not reorder every review interval. It therefore differs from the fixed-interval order system, which F automatically places an order whenever inventory is reviewed.F

Answer 102

The activities involved in converting inputs into finished goods. See: manufacturing process, transformation process.P

Answer 103

Abbreviation for contract line items number.C

Answer 104

Ordering materials before the release of the formal product design. This early release is required because of long lead times.A

Answer 105

Demand that is grouped (e.g., all sedans) for making forecasts or plans. See: aggregate forecast.A

Answer 106

The accumulated total of all forecast errors, both positive and negative. This sum will approach zero if the forecast is unbiased. Syn: sum of deviations.C

Answer 107

In a general sense, the relative importance of jobs (i.e., the sequence in which jobs should be worked on). It is a separate concept from capacity.P

Answer 108

Systems created among all members of the supply chain in order to get all members on the same page and with the same goals in order to promote efficiency.S

Answer 109

The comparison of a measurement instrument or system of unverified accuracy with a measurement instrument or system of a known accuracy to detect any variation from the required performance specification.C

Answer 110

Syn: consumables.C

Answer 111

Analyzing root cause-and-effect troubleshooting.F

Answer 112

The inventory for any grouping of items or products involving multiple stockkeeping units. See: base inventory level.A

Answer 113

The function responsible for the determination and application of appropriate reliability tasks and criteria during the design, development, manufacture, test, and support of a product that will result in achieving of the specified product reliability.R

Answer 114

An advertisement that is embedded into web-based technology, e.g., email or pop-up ads, that can easily move through the internet and get in front of the target audience who may never have seen it otherwise.V

Answer 115

In activity-based cost accounting, the situation of assigning too much or too little cost to a cost object. This may lead to poor decision making relative to the economic goals of the organization.C

Answer 116

The number of hours a work center can be used, based on management decisions regarding shift structure, extra shifts, regular overtime, observance of weekends and public holidays, shutdowns, and the like. See: capacity available, utilization.A

Answer 117

Those inventory items with a low turnover; items in inventory that have a relatively low rate of usage compared to the normal amount of inventory carried.S

Answer 118

The number of units or dollars of an inventory item consumed over a period of time.U

Answer 119

Syn: smoothing constant.A

Answer 120

A data processing organizational concept under which computer resources of a company are installed at more than one location with appropriate communication links. Processing is performed at the user’s location generally on a smaller computer and under the user’s control and scheduling, as opposed to processing for all users being done on a large, centralized computer system.D

Answer 121

A production line permanently configured to run well-defined parts, one piece at a time, from station to station.D

Answer 122

The document used to authorize the shipment of rejected material back to the supplier and create a debit entry in accounts payable.S

Answer 123

Abbreviation for leveraged buyout.L

Answer 124

The arithmetic sum of the differences between actual and forecasted demand for the periods being evaluated.R

Answer 125

A table that indicates the frequency with which data fall into each of any number of subdivisions of the variable. The subdivisions are usually called classes.F

Answer 126

Protection against uncertainty that takes the form of time.T

Answer 127

A means to describe a group of equipment with similar characteristics for purposes of planning and scheduling.E

Answer 128

The ratio of theoretical flow time to the actual flow time through a process.F

Answer 129

The result from the process of material requirements planning.M

Answer 130

Products bought in one country and produced in another.I

Answer 131

A definition of the properties and characteristics of a substance. material-dominated

Answer 132

In financial management, the surplus of a firm’s equity over the capital that has been invested in the firm.M

Answer 133

The packing material used to protect a product from damage during transport.D

Answer 134

Syn: advanced planning and scheduling.A

Answer 135

Syn: common causes.R

Answer 136

The amount of money paid for a unit of production. It serves as the basis for determining the total pay for an employee working in a piecework system.P

Answer 137

A regular route for pickup of mixed loads from several suppliers. For example, instead of each of five suppliers sending a truckload per week to meet the weekly needs of the customer, one truck visits each of the suppliers on a daily basis before delivering to the customer’s plant. Five truckloads per week are still shipped, but each truckload contains the daily requirement from each supplier. See: consolidation.M

Answer 138

An administrative agency in the United States that oversees Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, which prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.E

Answer 139

The planned difference between the start and finish dates of a project activity.A

Answer 140

The complement of utilization, that is one minus the utilization factor. It is the percentage of time lost to machine, tool, and worker unavailability. It can be calculated as the planned hours minus actual hours used, divided by the planned hours. See: balance delay, utilization.L

Answer 141

The process of arbitration or mediation to settle arguments without going to court.D

Answer 142

Those costs that are difficult to quantify such as the cost of poor quality or of high employee turnover.I

Answer 143

Capacity that is not used to either produce or protect the creation of throughput.E

Answer 144

The percentage of target customers who receive an advertising message.R

Answer 145

Abbreviation for longest-task-time.L

Answer 146

A process in which the statistical measure being evaluated is in a state of statistical control (i.e., the variations among the observed sampling results can be attributed to a constant system of chance causes). Ant: out-of-control process.I

Answer 147

A tool that helps identify potential project risks, organized by risk categories and subcategories.R

Answer 148

The total time that elapses between the start of the setup of an operation and the completion of the operation. Syn: operation time.O

Answer 149

In service operations, the maximum supply volume based on established quotas from previous use for a particular supply item, in a particular department, for a specified time period.P

Answer 150

A method of storage in which a relatively permanent location is assigned for the storage of each item in a storeroom or warehouse. Although more space is needed to store parts than in a randomlocation storage system, fixed locations become familiar, and therefore a locator file may not be needed. See: random-location storage.F

Answer 151

Actions relating to the planning and financing of capital outlays for such purposes as the purchase of new equipment, the introduction of new product lines, and the modernization of plant facilities.C

Answer 152

The selecting and sequencing of available jobs to be run at individual workstations and the assignment of those jobs to workers.D

Answer 153

Syn: material planner.P

Answer 154

A situation in which the largest expenditure in an operation is capital as opposed to labor. See: labor-intensive.C

Answer 155

A periodic report showing the plan for completing a job (usually the requirements and completion date) and the progress of the job against that plan.J

Answer 156

The planning, execution, control, and measurement functions required to effectively operate an enterprise.E

Answer 157

Maintaining inventory in a variety of locations to provide better customer service.D

Answer 158

An approach to inventory valuation in which variable costs and a portion of fixed costs are assigned to each unit of production. The fixed costs are usually allocated to units of output on the basis of direct labor hours, machine hours, or material costs. Syn: allocation costing. See: activity-based costing.A

Answer 159

1) Charging periodically to operations amounts that will ultimately equal the amount of capital expenditure. See: amortization, depletion, depreciation. 2) The replacement of the original cost of an asset plus interest. 3) The process of regaining the net investment in a project by means of revenue in excess of the cost from the project. (Usually implies amortization of principal plus interest on the diminishing unrecovered balance.)C

Answer 160

A document that lists the material to be picked for manufacturing or shipping orders. Syn: disbursement list, material list, stores issue order, stores requisition.P

Answer 161

A negotiated agreement with a supplier for one year that sets pricing, helps ensure a continuous supply of material, and provides the supplier with estimated future requirements.A

Answer 162

Syn: pilot plant.S

Answer 163

A table of times of basic motions used to prepare artificial standards (i.e., without direct observation of a worker). See: therbligs.P

Answer 164

The highest amount of actual output produced in the past when all efforts have been made to optimize the resource; for instance, overtime, additional personnel, extra hours, extra shifts, reassignment of personnel, or use of any related equipment. Maximum demonstrated capacity is the most one could ever expect to produce in a short period of time but represents a rate that cannot be maintained over a long period of time. See: demonstrated capacity.M

Answer 165

A manufacturing configuration in which most jobs go through the same sequence of operations even though production is in job lots.S

Answer 166

Syn: extrapolation.P

Answer 167

The process of customers changing their buying preferences because they find better and/or cheaper products and services elsewhere. The internet makes it easy for customers to shop electronically in search of a better deal.C

Answer 168

quality without sacrificing quantity objectives. The types of metrics are financial, behavioral, and core-process performance.L

Answer 169

A formal plan that details the specifics for conducting an experiment, such as which statistical techniques and responses, factors, levels, blocks, and treatments, are to be used.E

Answer 170

Syn: responsible procurement.E

Answer 171

A hierarchical organization in which each individual has one clear superior and staff areas are well defined.F G

Answer 172

A step in the six sigma DMAIC process in which project goals and customer deliverables are identified. See: design-measure-analyze-improve-control process.D

Answer 173

A location where goods usually are stored for long periods of time. The primary purpose is to protect goods until they are needed. The general warehouse is used because the producer or owner either does not have the necessary warehouse space or the cost of storage is better off-site. Usually use of a general warehouse involves minimal handling, movement, and transportation.G

Answer 174

When a buyer can purchase similar products from different suppliers. This increases the buyer’s power as the buyer doesn't have to rely on just one supplier.S

Answer 175

A condition whereby employees have the authority to make decisions and take action in their work areas without prior approval. For example, an operator can stop a production process if a problem is detected, or a customer service representative can send out a replacement product if a customer calls with a problem.E

Answer 176

Price that one segment (subunit, department, division, etc.) of an organization charges for a good or service supplied to another segment of the same organization.T

Answer 177

Abbreviation for bill of material.B

Answer 178

The global, domestic, environmental, and stakeholder influences that affect the key competitive factors, customer needs, culture, and philosophy of each individual company. This environment becomes the framework in which business strategy is developed and implemented. Syn: business environment.O

Answer 179

A location used to store inventory. Decisions driving warehouse management include site selection, number of facilities in the system, layout, and methods of receiving, storing, and retrieving goods.D

Answer 180

The length of time required from the start of setup to the end of cleanup for a production lot at a given operation, including setup, production, and cleanup.L

Answer 181

A Japanese word meaning strain or overburden.M

Answer 182

A method of estimation that involves disaggregating a piece of work into components, estimating each component requirement, and adding the resulting times and/or costs to arrive at the estimate for the whole.B

Answer 183

In the theory of constraints: The inventory required to meet production requirements without allowance for unplanned delays. See: idle inventory, protective inventory.P

Answer 184

The ratio of the cumulative algebraic sum of the deviations between the forecasts and the actual values to the mean absolute deviation. Used to signal when the validity of the forecasting model might be in doubt. See: forecast error, mean absolute deviation.T

Answer 185

A worker whose job is the accumulation, transfer, validation, analysis, and creation of information. K

Answer 186

1) In retailing, the length of time between the sale of products and the cash payments for a company’s resources. 2) In manufacturing, the length of time from the purchase of raw materials to the collection of accounts receivable from customers for the sale of products or services.C

Answer 187

A number used to adjust data to seasonal demand. Syn: seasonal adjustment. See: base series.S

Answer 188

Any shipment received or shipped that is less than the amount ordered.P

Answer 189

Abbreviation for methods-time measurement.M

Answer 190

Syn: customer service ratio.C

Answer 191

The movement and storage of goods from suppliers to manufacturing. The cost of physical supply is ultimately passed on to the customer.P

Answer 192

A market in which most or all customers are one of the following: schools, hospitals, prisinstruction I ons, and other institutions that provide products and services to individuals who are under their care. See: consumer market, government market, industrial market.I

Answer 193

Communication that enables many people to exchange information with many other people.M

Answer 194

When the actual performance level is not equal to the expected performance level.G

Answer 195

Various legal entitlements that attach to certain names, written and recorded media, and inventions.I

Answer 196

A process to develop tactical plans to support the organization’s business plan. Aggregate planning usually includes the development, analysis, and maintenance of plans for total sales, total production, targeted inventory, and targeted customer backlog for families of products. The production plan is the result of the aggregate planning process. Two approaches to aggregate planning exist: (1) production planning and (2) sales and operations planning. See: production planning, sales and operations planning, sales plan.A

Answer 197

In just-in-time philosophy, an approach to level production throughout the supply chain to match the planned rate of end product sales.H

Answer 198

The software designed to support groups in unstructured decision making by supporting brainstorming, conflict resolution, voting, and other techniques.G

Answer 199

Plans for capacity utilization that are based on erroneous data or assumptions.M

Answer 200

Syn: one-card kanban system.S

Answer 201

The integration of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing to achieve automation from design through manufacturing.C

Answer 202

Failure to fulfill a specified requirement. See: blemish, defect, imperfection.N

Answer 203

1) Any good or service produced for sale, barter, or internal use. 2) One of the four Ps (product, price, place, and promotion) that constitute the set of tools for directing the business offering to the customer. The product can be promoted as a distinctive item. See: four Ps.P

Answer 204

Syn: participative design/ engineering.S

Answer 205

A method for forecasting the life cycle of a new product or service, including the introduction, growth, maturity, and decline phases. In addition to time frames, this qualitative technique tries to estimate demand levels.L

Answer 206

Traditionally, all manufacturing costs

Answer 207

A manufacturer that uses natural resources to produce materials for other manufacturing. A typical example is a steel company that processes iron ore and produces steel ingots; other examples are companies that make wood pulp, glass, and rubber.B

Answer 208

The components that are processed by an operation.M

Answer 209

Abbreviation for customer service representative.C

Answer 210

An operation in a production process in which a single material/component enters and, after processing, can then be routed to a number of different downstream operations.D

Answer 211

A statistical term indicating the number of variables or data points used for testing a relationship. The greater the degrees of freedom, the greater the confidence that can be placed on the statistical significance of the results.D

Answer 212

An economic and political union of European countries, created to strengthen economies and lower trade barriers.E

Answer 213

Abbreviation for co-managed inventory.C

Answer 214

In e-commerce, a device to make stakeholders better satisfied with a website.I

Answer 215

Used to measure the expected accuracy of a forecast; measures the variation in one variable due to a different variable.C

Answer 216

Syn: capacity buying.B

Answer 217

A loading procedure in which the first stop is loaded last.S

Answer 218

Syn: routing.R

Answer 219

Syn: level of service.S

Answer 220

Syn: item record.P

Answer 221

Abbreviation for early finish date.E

Answer 222

Abbreviation for fourth-party logistics.F

Answer 223

A review of the uncertainty associated with the research, development, and production of a product, service, or project.R

Answer 224

Services that are not sought by customers. These include hospitals and prisons.I

Answer 225

1) A collection of data fields arranged in a predefined format. 2) A set of related data that a computer program treats as a unit.R

Answer 226

Syn: process capability analysis.C

Answer 227

A time-boxed set of activities carried out by the cell team during the week of cell implementation. The kaizen event is an implementation arm of a lean manufacturing program. See: kaizen blitz.K

Answer 228

A lack of materials, components, or finished goods that are needed. See: backorder.S

Answer 229

The location to which material is being shipped. Ant: shipping point.R

Answer 230

Goods that have gone through selective rework or recycle.R

Answer 231

In MRP, the process of using pegging data to solve material availability or other problems. This process is accomplished by the planner (not the computer system), who evaluates the effects of possible solutions. Potential solutions include compressing lead time, cutting order quantity, substituting material, and changing the master schedule.B

Answer 232

A technique that schedules equipment (processor) before materials. This technique facilitates scheduling equipment in economic run lengths and the use of low-cost production sequences. This scheduling method is used in some process industries. See: material-dominated scheduling.P

Answer 233

The set of trading partners and nominal trading partners that define a complete supply chain.S

Answer 234

Syn: end item.F

Answer 235

The concept of using the experience, creative energy, and intelligence of all employees by treating them with respect, keeping them informed, and including them and their ideas in decision-making processes appropriate to their areas of expertise. Employee involvement focuses on quality and productivity improvements. Syn: people involvement.E

Answer 236

An inventory that is carried on hand above the base inventory level to provide protection against incurring overtime or downtime.S

Answer 237

Syn: yield.M

Answer 238

Offering a specific price for each job rather than setting a standard price that applies for all customers.B

Answer 239

One of the three devices required for proper management of operations. (The other two are drum and buffer.) The rope is the information flow from the drum to the front of the line (material release), which chokes the release of materials to match the flow through the constraint.R

Answer 240

The length of time that should be required to (1) set up a given machine or operation and (2) run one batch or one or more parts, assemblies, or end products through that operation. This time is used in determining machine requirements and labor requirements. Standard time assumes an average worker following prescribed methods and allows time for personal rest to overcome fatigue and unavoidable delays. It is also frequently used as a basis for incentive pay systems and as a basis of allocating overhead in cost accounting systems. Syn: standard hours. See: standard.S

Answer 241

A rate that does not depend on the distance cargo is transported.B

Answer 242

Tooling, gauges, and facilities necessary in the manufacturing of the final product and not consumed during manufacturing or shipped with the final product.N

Answer 243

A measure of the effectiveness with which a company responds to actual demand or requirements. The stockout percentage can be a measurement of total orders containing a stockout to total orders, or of line items incurring stockouts to total line items ordered during a period. One formula is: stockout percentage = (1 – customer service ratio) × 100 percent. Ant: customer service ratio.S

Answer 244

The ability of a system to avoid or minimize the disruptive effects of defects by using some form of redundancy or extra design margins.F

Answer 245

The receiver of a shipment of freight.C

Answer 246

The time required to generate a requisition for material, pull the material from an inventory location, and move it to its destination.I

Answer 247

A moving average where the oldest data point is dropped and the newest data point is included in the calculation. All data points are assigned equal weights. See: moving average, weighted moving average.S

Answer 248

The consignment of goods directly from the supplier to the buyer, frequently used where a third party acts as intermediary between supplier and buyer.D

Answer 249

a defined process applied to determine, evaluate and resolve an identified problem. The methodology includes (1) the collection of factual data, (2) defining why the situation is a problem, (3) defining a concise definition of what the problem is, (4) generation of possible solutions, without discussing solutions at this time, and (5) evaluation of the pros and cons of each option within the organization’s objectives and feasibility, (6) implementation of the solution selected.S

Answer 250

To hear and decide an issue under legal dispute.A

Answer 251

1) Abbreviation for less than carload (lot shipment). 2) Abbreviation for lower control limit.L

Answer 252

A technique for determining how much an expected outcome or result will change in response to a given change in an input variable. For example, given a projected level of resources, what would be the effect on net income if variable costs of production increased 20 percent?S

Answer 253

An accounting definition of inventory units or value obtained from perpetual inventory records rather than by actual count.B

Answer 254

Inventory that is carried to cover demand during the lead time.L

Answer 255

Abbreviation for supplier relationship management.S

Answer 256

Carrier charges for each shipment pickup and the weight of that shipment. Costs can be reduced if several smaller shipments are consolidated and picked up in one trip.P

Answer 257

The key variable in a logistics configuration; the point (in time) at which a product becomes earmarked for a particular customer. Downstream from this point, the system is driven by customer orders; upstream processes are driven by forecasts and plans. Syn: principle of postponement. See: booked orders.O

Answer 258

The process of developing measurements of the desirability of given market segments and deciding in which market segments to compete.M

Answer 259

Removing the material from the dock (or other location of receipt), transporting the material to a storage area, placing that material in a staging area and then moving it to a specific location, and recording the movement and identification of the location where the material has been placed.P

Answer 260

The classification of a group of items in decreasing order of annual dollar volume (price multiplied by projected volume) or other criteria. This array is then split into three classes, called A, B, and C. The A group usually represents 10 percent to 20 percent by number of items and 50 percent to 70 percent by projected dollar volume. The next grouping, B, usually represents about 20 percent of the items and about 20 percent of the dollar volume. The C class contains 60 percent to 70 percent of the items and represents about 10 percent to 30 percent of the dollar volume. The ABC principle states that effort and money can be saved through applying looser controls to the low-dollarvolume class items than will be applied to high-dollarvolume class items. The ABC principle is applicable to inventories, purchasing, sales, and so on. Syn: ABC analysis, distribution by value. See: 80-20, Pareto analysis, Pareto’s law.A

Answer 261

An organizational structure in which people are removed from their functional departments and placed into a group that works as a single unit to perform the entire linked process. This is in contrast to a functional organization in which the activities that make up the process are performed by people in multiple functionally oriented departments.P

Answer 262

A budget of expected costs based on a specific level of production or other activity.F

Answer 263

The ratio of the hours of slack within the job to the queue originally scheduled.Q

Answer 264

1) A procedure for equipment replacement analysis sponsored by the Machinery and Allied Products Institute. 2) A method of capital investment analysis that has been formulated by the Machinery and Allied Products Institute. This method uses a fixed format and provides charts and graphs to facilitate calculations. A prominent feature of this method is that it explicitly includes obsolescence.M

Answer 265

Syn: performance measurement system.M

Answer 266

A language used to create web pages that permits the user to create text, hypertext links, and multimedia elements within the page. HTML is not a programming language, but a way to format text.H

Answer 267

In project management, a network requirement that activity A must be finished before subsequent activity B can finish. See: logical relationship.F

Answer 268

An authentication that validates a transaction by means of an authorization code to identify an individual or group.E

Answer 269

In periods of insufficient capacity, jobs back up indefinitely. This leads to increased lead times and missed due dates. Recovery time is a period of time when capacity exceeds demand to allow the system to empty out. If there is not enough recovery time before the next episode of insufficient capacity, in-process inventory and lead times continue to grow.R

Answer 270

1) The difference between the sales and cost of goods sold for an organization, sometimes expressed as a percentage of sales. 2) In traditional accounting, the product profit margin is the product selling price minus the direct material, direct labor, and allocated overhead for the product, sometimes expressed as a percentage of selling price.P

Answer 271

A retail strategy of keeping prices low across all products or services as opposed to having sales at certain times.E

Answer 272

An accounting/financial term (balance sheet classification of accounts) representing the residual claim by the company’s owners or shareholders, or both, to the company’s assets less its liabilities. See: assets, balance sheet, liabilities.O P

Answer 273

The output of a flowcharting process, a chart that shows the operations, transportation, storages, delays, inspections, and so on related to a process. Flowcharts are drawn to better understand processes. The flowchart is one of the seven tools of quality. Syn: flow diagram. See: block diagram, flow process chart.F

Answer 274

A supplier selection and rating approach that uses the input gathered in the categorical plan approach and assigns weights to each evaluation category. A weighted sum for each supplier is obtained and a comparison made. The weights used should sum to 100 percent for all categories. See: categorical plan.W W

Answer 275

The inspection models that conform to known specifications.C Certified in Integrated Resource Management (CIRM) The APICS designation that is a recognition of a high level of professional knowledge in enterprise-wide processes and activities.C Certified in Production and Inventory Management

Answer 276

An indicator that a container can be transported between work areas.W

Answer 277

Property attached to, and not easily removed from, the location.F

Answer 278

Abbreviation for economic order quantity.E

Answer 279

A report submitted by a freight agent showing discrepancies in billing received and actual merchandise received.O

Answer 280

A term used by J.M. Juran to describe his use of the Pareto principle in quality management, which he first described in 1950. (The principle was used much earlier in economics and inventory control methodologies.) The principle suggests that most effects come from relatively few causes; that is, 80 percent of the effects come from 20 percent of the possible causes. The 20 percent of the possible causes are referred to as the “vital few”; the remaining causes are referred to as the “useful many.” When Juran first defined this principle, he referred to the remaining causes as the “trivial many,” but since no problems are trivial in quality assurance, he changed it to “useful many.”V

Answer 281

Syn: fixed reorder quantity inventory model.L

Answer 282

A document used to solicit vendor responses when a product has been selected and price quotations are needed from several vendors.R

Answer 283

Selling goods below costs in selected markets.D E

Answer 284

A single exponential smoothing; a weighted moving average approach that is applied to forecasting problems where the data do not exhibit significant trend or seasonal patterns. Syn: single exponential smoothing, single smoothing.F

Answer 285

Provides an assortment of information quickly to stakeholders for faster and better decisions.K

Answer 286

A review and an evaluation of actual or anticipated cost data.C

Answer 287

1) The cost recovered or that could be recovered from used property when removed, sold, or scrapped. A factor in appraisal of property value and in computing depreciation. 2) The market value of a machine or facility at any point in time. Normally, an estimate of an asset’s net value at the end of its estimated life.S

Answer 288

Products produced in one country and sold in another.E

Answer 289

A set of procedures for determining the lot size and other parameters related to an order. See: lot sizing.O O

Answer 290

Syn: setup flexibility.C

Answer 291

A trade exchange hosted by a single company to facilitate collaborative ecommerce with its trading partners. As opposed to public e-marketplaces, a private exchange provides the host company with control over many factors, including who may participate (and in what manner), how participants may be connected, and what contents should be presented (and to whom). The ultimate goal might be to improve supply chain efficiencies and responsiveness through improved process visibility and collaboration, advanced integration platforms, and customization capabilities. P

Answer 292

The actual portion of current market demand that a company or product achieves.M

Answer 293

A grouping of business processes that includes the following activities: demand management, which includes the forecasting of sales, the planning of distribution, and the servicing of customer orders; sales and operations planning, which includes sales planning, production planning, inventory planning, backlog planning, and resource planning; master scheduling, which includes the preparation of the master production schedule and the rough-cut capacity plan.M

Answer 294

One of the dimensions of service quality. The ability of employees to inspire trust and confidence.A

Answer 295

Measuring, examining, testing, or gauging one or more characteristics of a good or service and comparing the results with specified requirements to determine whether conformity is achieved for each characteristic. I

Answer 296

A guaranteed supply source generally created by a contract.A

Answer 297

The movement of a portion of a lot of material to a subsequent operation before completion of the current operation for all units of the lot. The purpose of sending material ahead is to reduce the manufacturing lead time. See: overlapped schedule.S

Answer 298

Abbreviation for distribution resource planning.D

Answer 299

A collection of firms that typically exists for only a short period. Virtual supply chains are more flexible than traditional supply chains, but less efficient.V

Answer 300

Developing products based on dimensions like service to similar customers, volume, or customization.P

Answer 301

The extension of distribution requirements planning into the planning of the key resources contained in a distribution system (warehouse space, workforce, money, trucks, freight cars, etc).D

Answer 302

1) The time that is necessary to finish manufacturing a good after receipt of a customer order. 2) The time allowed for completing the good based on the final assembly schedule.F

Answer 303

Using simple linear regression to estimate future trends.L

Answer 304

The longest sequence of dependent events through a project network, considering both technical and resource dependencies in completing the project. The critical chain is the constraint of a project.C

Answer 305

In e-commerce, the set of requests made by one user at one website. If there is no activity within a given time frame (usually 30 minutes), the visit is considered closed.V

Answer 306

Syn: supplier lead time.V

Answer 307

A word or combination of words used to identify a product and differentiate it from other prodbrand B ucts; the verbal part of a trademark, in contrast to the pictorial mark; a trademark word.B

Answer 308

A railroad car without sides used for hauling machinery.F

Answer 309

Syn: failsafe work methods, pokayoke. F

Answer 310

Supply chains that include international partners or markets.G

Answer 311

A subset of digital simulation models based on random or stochastic processes.M

Answer 312

The process of focusing marketing activities specifically on those people who are most likely to buy a company’s products and services. Data gathered on people who use the internet are enabling companies to identify and focus on more likely candidates.T

Answer 313

Consolidation of support processes to form a separate unit to provide services to the parent company and external customers. This lowers costs and may improve support because the shared-services unit is more focused.S

Answer 314

A selection of observations taken from all the observations of a phenomenon in such a way that each chosen observation has the same possibility of selection.R

Answer 315

A logical rather than physical grouping of manufacturing resources. Resources in virtual cells can be dispersed throughout a facility. Product mix changes may change the layout of a virtual cell. This technique is used when it is not practical to move the equipment.V

Answer 316

The functions of planning, organizing, and controlling the transformation process and its utility in providing a good or service to customers.M

Answer 317

The strategy of an enterprise identifies how a company will function in its environment. The strategy specifies how to satisfy customers, how to grow the business, how to compete in its environment, how to manage the organization and develop capabilities within the business, and how to achieve financial objectives. See: strategic plan.S

Answer 318

The ability of the firm and its management to change rapidly in response to changes taking place in the marketplace.F

Answer 319

Syn: formula.F

Answer 320

A group of practices and principles, independent of any one set of techniques, that define how a manufacturing company should be managed. Included are such elements as the need for data accuracy, frequent communication between marketing and manufacturing, top management control of the production planning process (sales and operations planning process), systems capable of validly translating high-level plans into detailed schedules, and so on. Today GAMP includes such paradigms as just-in-time, theory of constraints, total quality management, business process reengineering, and supply chain management.G

Answer 321

Describes the supply base for a particular material, component, or service. When stratified properly for leverage, cost impact, risk, and performance can lead to a supplier footprint transition plan for consolidated leverage, supply-base reduction, and focused effort.S supplier-input-process-output-customer (SIPOC)

Answer 322

Control limit for points above the central line in a control chart.U

Answer 323

Syn: market penetration.M

Answer 324

Syn: experimental order.P

Answer 325

1) In its narrowest sense, an organization that provides an intangible product (e.g., medical or legal advice). 2) In its broadest sense, all organizations except farming, mining, and manufacturing. This definition of service industry includes retail trade; wholesale trade; transportation and utilities; finance, insurance, and real estate; construction; professional, personal, and social services; and local, state, and federal governments.S

Answer 326

When two or more components, all within tolerance limits but some distance from the specification itself, are assembled together the assembly may be subject to early failure because of the interaction between the components.T

Answer 327

A list of goods shipped by the supplier to the buyer stating prices, quantities, and other costs.I

Answer 328

A problem inventory management dealing with determining the single period (e.g., day or week) order quantity which will minimize the cost of sometimes having too much inventory and sometimes having too little.N

Answer 329

The practice of an employee periodically changing job responsibilities to provide a broader perspective and a view of the organization as a total system, to enhance motivation, and to provide cross-training.J

Answer 330

Abbreviation for Certified Purchasing Manager.C

Answer 331

Syn: available work.L

Answer 332

In information systems, the act of identifying a person or confirming the source of a message.A

Answer 333

Acronym for computer-assisted software engineering.C

Answer 334

The middle value in a set of measured values when the items are arranged in order of magnitude. If there is no single middle value, the median is the mean of the two middle values.M

Answer 335

quality is defined by the absence of defects, and (2) quality of

Answer 336

A bill for services, such as inside deliveries, which are made in addition to transportation charges.A

Answer 337

The planned channels of inventory disbursement from one or more sources to field warehouses and ultimately to the customer. There may be one or more levels in the disbursement system. Syn: bill of distribution.D

Answer 338

The internet address of a server.S

Answer 339

Retrieve information from computer files by use of predefined inquiries or unstructured queries handled by a high-level retrieval language.I

Answer 340

The categorization of goods based upon the range of specifications met during the manufacturing process.P

Answer 341

A price reduction allowance determined by the quantity or value of a purchase.Q

Answer 342

The designation of the job function that

Answer 343

A way to control quality by taking one sample and making an accept or reject decision, and, if the decision cannot be made, taking a second sample and making the accept or reject decision by combining the results of both samples.D

Answer 344

A cost that is incurred by the business as a whole.C

Answer 345

The causing of injury to another by failure to use reasonable care.N

Answer 346

An intuitive estimate of demand taking into account changes and new factors influencing the market, as opposed to a forecast, which is an objective projection of the past into the future.P

Answer 347

Syn: cost-plus contract.C

Answer 348

Abbreviation for employee involvement.E

Answer 349

Tables listing several ranges of monthly usages in dollars and the appropriate order size in dollars or monthly usage for each usage range.E

Answer 350

The activities, including adjustments, replacements, and basic cleanliness, that forestall machine breakdowns. The purpose is to ensure that production quality is maintained and that delivery schedules are met. In addition, a machine that is well cared for will last longer and cause fewer problems. Syn: periodic maintenance.P

Answer 351

A part of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution requiring similar treatment of citizens in similar circumstances.E

Answer 352

1) A shipment that is handled by a common carrier. 2) The process of a supplier placing goods at a customer location without receiving payment until after the goods are used or sold. See: consigned stocks.C

Answer 353

Abbreviation for numerical control.N

Answer 354

An inventory system combining features of the fixed reorder quantity inventory model and the fixed reorder cycle inventory model. Features of the fixed reorder cycle inventory model and the fixed reorder quantity inventory model can be combined in many different ways. For example, in the order pointperiodic review combination system, an order is placed if the inventory level drops below a specified level before the review date; if not, the order quantity is determined at the next review date. Another hybrid inventory system is the optional replenishment model. See: fixed reorder cycle inventory model, fixed reorder quantity inventory model, optional replenishment model, order point system.H

Answer 355

A truck shipment that qualifies for a lower freight rate because it meets a minimum weight and/or volume.T

Answer 356

A manufacturing schedule that “overlaps” successive operations. Overlapping occurs when the completed portion of an order at one work center is processed at one or more succeeding work centers before the pieces left behind are finished at the preceding work centers. Syn: lap phasing, operation overlapping, telescoping. See: send ahead. Ant: gapped schedule, overlapped production.O

Answer 357

1) An inventory item. For example, a shirt in six colors and five sizes would represent 30 different SKUs. 2) In a distribution system, an item at a particular geographic location. For example, one product stocked at the plant and at six different distribution centers would represent seven SKUs.S

Answer 358

An approach to strategic planning that develops a plan based on products. A company’s products are typically grouped into strategic business units (SBUs) with each SBU evaluated in terms of strengths and weaknesses vis-à-vis similar business units made and marketed by competitors. The units are evaluated in terms of their competitive strengths, their relative advantages, life cycles, and cash flow patterns.S

Answer 359

A document, group of documents, or schedule conveying authority for the manufacture of specified parts or products in specified quantities. Syn: M job order, manufacturing authorization, production order, production release, run order, shop order, work order. See: assembly parts list, batch card, blend order, fabrication order, mix ticket, work order.M

Answer 360

Additional machine parts that decrease the time needed to complete a task and the level of human involvement.M

Answer 361

In project management, the first phase in which a project is defined and the scope is planned.C

Answer 362

A warranty imposed on sellers beyond any express agreement in the contract.I

Answer 363

A philosophy of production that emphasizes the minimization of the amount of all the resources (including time) used in the various activities of the enterprise. It involves identifying and eliminating non-value-adding activities in design, production, supply L chain management, and dealing with customers. Lean producers employ teams of multiskilled workers at all levels of the organization and use highly flexible, increasingly automated machines to produce volumes of products in potentially enormous variety. It contains a set of principles and practices to reduce cost through the relentless removal of waste and through the simplification of all manufacturing and support processes. Syn: lean, lean manufacturing.L

Answer 364

A process reference model developed and endorsed by the Supply Chain Council as the cross-industry, standard diagnostic tool for supply chain management. The SCOR model describes the business activities associated with satisfying a customer’s demand, which include plan, source, make, deliver, and return. Use of the model includes analyzing the current state of a company’s processes and goals, quantifying operational performance, and comparing company performance to benchmark data. SCOR has developed a set of metrics for supply chain performance, and Supply Chain Council members have formed industry groups to collect best practices information that companies can use to evaluate their supply chain performance.S

Answer 365

A company that provides air, sea, or land transportation services.C

Answer 366

An electronic system that provides for deposits and withdrawals of digital money. It permits a payer using it to remain anonymous.E

Answer 367

An estimate of sales, often timephased, for a grouping of products or product families produced by a facility or firm. Stated in terms of units, dollars, or both, the aggregate forecast is used for sales and production planning (or for sales and operations planning) purposes. See: product group forecast.A

Answer 368

A sustainable advantage that a company has over its competitors. distributed data

Answer 369

Syn: load leveling.C

Answer 370

A systems analysis tool that graphically presents a procedure. Symbols are used to represent operations, transportations, inspections, storages, delays, and equipment.F

Answer 371

In project management, a set of related project activities that usually go together to define a project deliverable.P

Answer 372

Palletized materials are stored on a wheeled rack structure and pushed up a slightly sloping ramp from which they can eventually slide down to an aisle.P

Answer 373

A graphical method of displaying data by grouping observations into specific clusters.B

Answer 374

A control chart for evaluating the stability of a process in terms of the levels of two or more variables or characteristics.M

Answer 375

The substitution of a product of lower quality, value, or status for another either in planning or in fact.D

Answer 376

A type of truck trailer that has a floor but no enclosure. Sideboards or tie-downs are used to prevent cargo from falling off.F

Answer 377

1) Design characteristic that facilitates the easy and efficient performance of service activities. Service activities include those activities required to keep equipment in operating condition, such as lubrication, fueling, oiling, and cleaning. 2) A measurement of the degree to which servicing of an item will be accomplished within a given time under specified conditions. See: maintainability. 3) The competitive advantage gained when an organization focuses on aspects such as the speed and courtesy in which customer complaints and questions are answered, following up with customers after the sale to ensure satisfaction, and offering on-site service for product repairs. 4) Measure of repairs and maintenance based on cost, speed, and convenience.S

Answer 378

The average time interval between failures for repairable product for a defined unit of measure (e.g., operating hours, cycles, miles). See: reliability.M

Answer 379

An electronic device that is programmed to test the state of input process data and to set output lines in accordance with the input state, thus providing control instructions or branching to another set of tests. Programmable controllers provide factory floor operations with the ability to monitor and rapidly control hundreds of parameters, such as temperature and pressure.P

Answer 380

Syn: service parts demand.R

Answer 381

A graphical (or tree) representation of the bill of material such as is shown below: A Parent | ______________________ | | | B C(2) D(5) Components (Quantities per parent)P

Answer 382

The percent difference between the production that was planned and the production that was actually completed. The numerator is the difference between actual and planned production, divided by the planned production. This information then is used to adjust production standards.P

Answer 383

Simplification of parts, products, and processes to improve quality and reduce manufacturing costs.D

Answer 384

Abbreviation for input/output control.I

Answer 385

Founded in 1957 as the American Production Operations Management builds operations management excellence in individuals and enterprises through superior education and training, internationally recognized certifications, comprehensive resources, and a worldwide network of accomplished industry professionals.A

Answer 386

The proportion of individual product-type sales volumes that make up the total sales volume.S

Answer 387

The standard issue quantity of an item from stores (e.g., pounds, each, box of 12, package of 20, case of 144).U

Answer 388

The terms, concepts, philosophies, hardware, software, and other attributes used in a field, industrial sector, or business function.T

Answer 389

A Japanese phrase meaning visit the shop floor to observe what is occurring.G

Answer 390

A form of algebra that, like ordinary algebra, represents relationships and properties with symbols. However, Boolean algebra also has classes, propositions, on-off circuit elements, and operators (and, or, not, except, if, then). Boolean algebra is useful in defining the logic of a complex system.B

Answer 391

The time during which the material is being changed, whether it is a machining operation or an assembly. Syn: residence time.P

Answer 392

An area where merchandise is brought into the country for further work to be done. Duty is paid only on the items brought in, normally at a lower rate than finished goods, and paid only at the time of sale.D

Answer 393

A report by the program manager to inform supporting departments concerning an active or planned program or project.P

Answer 394

Those costs associated with the formal evaluation and audit of quality in the firm. Typical costs include inspection, quality audits, testing, calibration, and checking time.A

Answer 395

Abbreviation for complete and on-time delivery.C

Answer 396

A set of logically related tasks or activities performed to achieve a defined business outcome.B

Answer 397

Syn: cycle stock.C

Answer 398

The use of resources to produce those goods and services most wanted by consumers.A

Answer 399

The function of establishing, measuring, monitoring, and adjusting limits or levels of capacity in order to execute all manufacturing schedules (i.e., the production plan, master production schedule, material requirements plan, and dispatch list). Capacity management is executed at four levels: resource requirements planning, rough-cut capacity planning, capacity requirements planning, and input/output control.C

Answer 400

A list of operations and procedures in the manufacture of a product. It may also include a statement of material requirements.P

Answer 401

A departmental organization with poor communication between departments.S

Answer 402

1) The ability of a company to address the needs, inquiries, and requests from customers. 2) A measure of the delivery of a product to the customer at the time the customer specified.C

Answer 403

1) Provider of goods or services. See: vendor. 2) Seller with whom the buyer does business, as opposed to vendor, which is a generic term referring to all sellers in the marketplace.S

Answer 404

The degree to which a product achieves its designed purpose.F

Answer 405

The depreciated value of manufacturing fixed assets.M

Answer 406

Abbreviation for free on board.F

Answer 407

A necessity-based logic diagram that facilitates answering the third question in the change sequence: How do we effect the change? A PRT shows the relationship between the injections, desirable effects or ambitious target, and the obstacles that block the implementation of the injections. A PRT includes the intermediate objectives required to overcome the obstacles and shows the sequence in which they must be achieved for successful implementation.P

Answer 408

A collection of data and technology that accesses, integrates, and reports all available data by filbig B tering, correlating, and reporting insights not attainable with past data technologies. It describes data processing beyond the human scale. In the past, databases

Answer 409

A statement of acceptable physical, electrical, and/or chemical properties or an acceptable range of properties that distinguish one product or grade from another.P

Answer 410

The exchange of dies without human intervention.N

Answer 411

1) The process of designing and altering products, parts, processes, and procedures to establish and use standard specifications for them and their components. 2) Reduction of the total numbers of parts and materials used and products, models, or grades produced. 3) The function of bringing a raw ingredient into standard (acceptable) range per the specification before introduction to the main process.S

Answer 412

Operations research models that attempt to find optimal solutions with adaptive searching approaches.S

Answer 413

A package of documents used to plan and control the shop floor movement of an order. The packet may include a manufacturing order, operations sheets, engineering blueprints, picking lists, move tickets, inspection tickets, and time tickets.S

Answer 414

The amount of planned work scheduled for and actual work released to a facility, work center, or operation for a specific span of time. Usually expressed in terms of standard hours of work or, when items consume similar resources at the same rate, units of production. Syn: workload.L

Answer 415

In project management, an activity’s planned start time, normally between the early start time and the late start time. It may reflect resource limitations. Syn: planned start date.S

Answer 416

A pay restructuring scheme by which competent employees are rewarded for the knowledge they acquire before or while working for an organization, regardless of whether such knowledge is actually being used at any given time.P

Answer 417

A government employee who ensures compliance with the terms and conditions of contracts.A

Answer 418

The final phase of new product and process development, whereby the new product moves from pilot production to full-scale manufacturing.M

Answer 419

The people who produce value in a product stream.L

Answer 420

Abbreviation for original equipment manufacturer.O

Answer 421

A graphical tool that shows the dependencies between activities in a project, i.e., which activities precede other activities and which can be done in parallel.N

Answer 422

Acronym for graphical evaluation and review technique.G

Answer 423

A grouping of products to share common parts, components, and characteristics (a common platform), so that design and production resources can be used to reduce cost and time to market.P

Answer 424

A marketing system that focuses on the means to reduce the traditional independence of indirect channels. The system strategically seeks to increase the integration and interdependence of channels by uniting them with common objectives and team management (e.g., franchising, cooperatives, vertical integration).V

Answer 425

An employee authorized to accept a customer’s order for a product. Sales representatives usually go to the customer’s location when industrial products are being marketed.S

Answer 426

Products whose customer specifications require unique engineering design, significant customization, or new purchased materials. Each customer order results in a unique set of part numbers, bills of material, and routings. Syn: design-to-order.E

Answer 427

An online marketplace used by buyers and sellers from multiple industries. This marketplace lowers prices by lowering transaction costs.H

Answer 428

An aspect of quality that is specified to enhance the ability to define quality. The most commonly used list for products was created by David Garvin. His dimensions are aesthetics, conformance, durability, features, perceived quality, performance, reliability, and serviceability. The most commonly used list for service quality was created by Parasuraman, Zeithamel, and Berry. This list is assurance, availability, completeness, empathy, pleasantness, professionalism, responsiveness, service reliability, tangibles, and timeliness.D

Answer 429

Configuration of the plant site with lines, buildings, major facilities, work areas, aisles, and other pertinent data, such as department boundaries.P

Answer 430

A production line that has machines linked by automated parts transfer and handling machines.A

Answer 431

Syn: Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award.B

Answer 432

Using one versatile plant to produce many different products at a lower cost than making each product in different plants at a higher cost. See: economy of scale.E

Answer 433

A forecast based on internal factors, such as an average of past sales. Ant: extrinsic forecast.I

Answer 434

Codes that are used with RFID tags to carry information on the product that will support warranty programs.E

Answer 435

The process of involving manufacturing personnel early in the product design activity and drawing on their expertise, insights, and knowledge to generate better designs in less time and to generate designs that are easier to manufacture. Early involvement of manufacturing, field service, suppliers, customers, and so on means drawing on their expertise, knowledge, and insight to improve the design. Benefits include increased functionality, increased quality, ease of manufacture and assembly, ease of testing, better testing procedures, ease of service, decreased cost, and improved aesthetics. See: design for manufacture and assembly, participative design/engineering.E

Answer 436

The set of short-range plans and schedules detailing specific actions. Operational plans are more detailed than strategic and tactical plans and cover a shorter time horizon. See: operational planning, strategic plan, tactical plan.O

Answer 437

A visual tool to show the skills/skill levels of employees. This is mostly used when forming a team so the leader knows what skills are necessary to accomplish the team’s goals. This also is used when using a full-cross training process to ensure that all workers are cross trained to the same levels.S

Answer 438

Syn: cause-and-effect diagram.F

Answer 439

such as, per month, week, day, or even minute. If the goal units are money, throughput will be an amount of money per time period. In that case, throughput is calculated as revenues received minus totally variable costs divided for the chosen time period.T

Answer 440

The planning of parts and subassemblies by exploding a master schedule, as in MRP, except that the master-scheduled items and therefore the exploded requirements are time phased in cumulative form. Usually these cumulative figures cover a planning year.C

Answer 441

Carriers that deliver/charge only for full truckload shipments.T

Answer 442

Syn: job costing.J

Answer 443

Mathematically, a number between 0 and 1 that estimates the fraction of experiments (if the same experiment were being repeated many times) in which a particular result would occur. This number can be either subjective or based upon the empirical results of experimentation. It can also be derived for a process to give the probable outcome of experimentation.P

Answer 444

1) A measurement of time or amount of use before a product needs repair or replacement. 2) One of the eight dimensions of quality that refers to the length of a product’s economic life.D

Answer 445

Permission by a carrier to alter the destination and/or consignee after the shipment has reached its original destination.R

Answer 446

The marketing effort involved in placing a product in a market to serve a particular niche or function. Syn: service positioning.P

Answer 447

A type of manufacturing organization in which both plant and staff responsibilities are delineated by product, product line, or market segment. Management authority is highly decentralized, which tends to make the company more responsive to market needs and more flexible when introducing new products. This type of organization is best suited to companies whose dominant orientation is to a market or consumer group and where flexibility and innovation are more important than coordinated planning and tight control. See: process focused, process-focused organization.P

Answer 448

Statistical analysis where uncertainty is incorporated, using all available information to choose among a number of alternative decisions.B

Answer 449

Syn: theory of constraints.C

Answer 450

Measurements that enable the firm to monitor whether or not the firm’s strategy is being accomplished. Thus, the measurement should be aligned to strategy. Performance objectives may differ based on the hierarchical level of the firm (e.g., department, business unit, corporation) and should be aligned with the corresponding strategy for that level.P

Answer 451

The condition where yield loss happens in multiple operations or tasks, resulting in a compounded yield loss. Syn: cumulative yield. See: composite yield.C

Answer 452

Abbreviation for selling, general and administrative.S

Answer 453

Continuous replenishment where the manufacture is responsible for managing the inventory of standard merchandise and the retailer manages promotional items.C

Answer 454

Syn: count point.P

Answer 455

Syn: distribution network structure.B

Answer 456

An original written or printed record of some type that is to be converted into machinereadable form.S

Answer 457

Being answerable for, but not necessarily personally charged with, doing the work. Accountability cannot be delegated, but it can be shared.A

Answer 458

A relationship based on a sample distribution by value for a particular company. When the standard ratio for a particular company is known, certain aggregate inventory predictions can be made (e.g., the amount of inventory increase that would be required to provide a particular increase in customer service).S

Answer 459

Abbreviation for master production schedule.M

Answer 460

A listing of every parent item, and the respective quantities required, as well as each of their respective parent items, continuing until the ultimate end item or level-0 item is referenced. Each of these parent items calls for a given component item in a bill-of-material file. The component item is shown closest to the left margin of the listing, with each parent indented to the right, and each of their respective parents indented even further to the right.I

Answer 461

A technique to relieve all components down to the lowest level using the complete bill of material, based on the count of finished units produced or transferred to finished goods inventory.S

Answer 462

The efficiency ratio relating profit or cash flow incomes to investments. Several different measures of this ratio are in common use.R

Answer 463

The installation and maintenance of the physical plant, its surroundings, and the physical assets of an organization.I

Answer 464

Syn: scheduled finish date.P

Answer 465

In project management, a highlevel schedule displaying important deliverables.M

Answer 466

A voluntary initiative whereby companies embrace, support, and enact, within their sphere of influence, a set of core values in the areas of human rights, labor standards, the environment, and anticorruption.U

Answer 467

A situation in which there is no inventory at a location available for sale to the customer. See: stockout.O

Answer 468

The process of monitoring performance across the enterprise with the goal of improving business performance. An EPM system integrates and analyzes data from many sources, including e-commerce systems, front- and E back-office applications, data warehouses, and external data sources. Advanced EPM systems can support many performance methodologies, such as the balanced scorecard.E

Answer 469

An act that regulates public warehousing; it sets up the legal responsibilities of warehouse managers and determines the receipts that can be issued.U

Answer 470

A schedule of end items to finish the product for specific customers’ orders in a make-to-order or assemble-to-order environment. It is also referred to as the finishing schedule because it may involve operations other than the final assembly; also, it may not involve assembly (e.g., final mixing, cutting, packaging). The FAS is prepared after receipt of a customer order as constrained by the availability of material and capacity, and it schedules the operations required to complete the product from the level where it is stocked (or master scheduled) to the end-item level.F

Answer 471

The obligation of a company to make restitution for loss related to personal injury, property damage, or other harm caused by its goods or services.P

Answer 472

A structure for sharing information within a firm and creating an atmosphere for cooperation between functions to strengthen the firm.I

Answer 473

An order system using forecast or derived demand for one or more future periods (rather than a fixed quantity as in economic order quantity).D

Answer 474

An organized body of information, procedures, techniques, and motion times employed in the study and evaluation of manual work elements. It is useful in categorizing and analyzing all motions into elements whose unit times are computed according to such factors as length, degree of muscle control, and precision. The element times provide the basis for calculating a time standard for the operations. Syn: synthetic time standard.P