APICS Deck 5 OO Flashcards

Question

# Card 5 accreditation

Answer 1

Certification by a recognized body of the facilities, capability, objectivity, competence, and integrity of an agency, service, operational group, or individual to provide the specific service or operation needed. For example, the Registrar Accreditation Board accredits those organizations that register companies to the ISO 9000 Series Standards.A

Answer 2

A philosophy of manufacturing based on planned elimination of all waste and on continuous improvement of productivity. It encompasses the successful execution of all manufacturing activities required to produce a final product, from design engineering to delivery, and includes all stages of conversion from raw material onward. The primary elements of just in time are to have only the required inventory when needed; to improve quality to zero defects; to reduce lead times by reducing setup times, queue lengths, and lot sizes; to incrementally revise the operations themselves; and to accomplish these activities at minimum cost. In the broad sense, it applies to

Answer 3

A means of optimizing supply chain performance in which the supplier has access to the customer’s inventory data and is responsible for maintaining the inventory level required by the customer. This activity is accomplished by a process in which resupply is done by the vendor through regularly scheduled reviews of the on-site inventory. The on-site inventory is counted, damaged or outdated goods are removed, and the inventory is restocked to predefined V levels. The vendor obtains a receipt for the restocked inventory and accordingly invoices the customer. See: continuous replenishment.V

Answer 4

A network in which there is one computer (or possibly more) linked to all others in a given enterprise.C

Answer 5

1) A storage device designed to hold small discrete parts. 2) A shelving unit with physical dividers separating the storage locations.B

Answer 6

A method of setting prices based on the contribution margin. It provides a ceiling and a floor between which the price setter operates.

Answer 7

A freight term indicating that the seller is responsible for cost, the marine insurance, and the freight charges on an ocean shipment of goods.C

Answer 8

A unique number assigned for identification to a single piece that will never be repeated for similar pieces. Serial numbers are usually applied by the manufacturer but can be applied at other points, including by the distributor or wholesaler.S

Answer 9

A nation’s networks for supporting commerce, including transportation, communications, and finance.E

Answer 10

The application of costs based on the output of a process. Backflush costing is usually associated with repetitive manufacturing environments.B

Answer 11

Abbreviation for key performance indicator.K L

Answer 12

A method of depreciation whereby the amount to be recovered (written off as a period expense) is calculated based on estimated life of the equipment in units to be produced over the life and the number of units produced in a given time period. See: depreciation.U

Answer 13

The process of disassembling, evaluating, and redesigning a competitor’s product for the purpose of manufacturing a product with similar characteristics without violating any of the competitor’s proprietary manufacturing technologies.R

Answer 14

Abbreviation for extensible markup language.X Y

Answer 15

Readily available items used in industry that require no special handling.C

Answer 16

A division or segment of an organization generally treated as a separate profit-and-loss center.B

Answer 17

The pooling of purchasing requirements by multiple areas in a company, or even across companies.P

Answer 18

The movement by electronic means of data from one location to another. The data can take the form of voice, text, image, or others. The movement is accomplished by communication links between computers and a variety of input/output devices.D

Answer 19

Rescheduling done by the computer to automatically change due dates on scheduled receipts when it detects that due dates and need dates are out of phase. Ant: manual rescheduling.A

Answer 20

Syn: traveler.S

Answer 21

Syn: reserved material.O

Answer 22

A storage method in which pallets, cases, or cartons are stacked upwards from the floor to whatever practical height is available without the use of shelves.B

Answer 23

Control of a plant floor by schedules rather than by job orders (called order control). Schedules are derived by taking requirements over a period of time and dividing by the number of workdays allowed to run the parts or assemblies. Production completed is compared with the schedule to provide control. This type of control is most frequently used in repetitive and process manufacturing.S

Answer 24

A dispatching rule that directs the sequencing of jobs based on slack time. Slack time is equal to (days left until due date × hrs/day) minus standard hours of work left on this specific job; for example, (5 × 8) – 12 = 28 hours of slack. The lower the amount of slack time, the higher the priority in sequencing of jobs.S

Answer 25

An authorization to the purchasing department to purchase specified materials in specified quantities within a specified time. See: parts requisition.P

Answer 26

Parts that are difficult to make, have long lead times, and require expert knowledge to produce. They are parts that are produced by only a few suppliers because of these characteristics. Tooling to produce these products usually is owned by the customer to avoid proprietary or patent issues.T

Answer 27

A variant of scheduling that considers slack time to increase or decrease the calculated lead time of an order. Interoperation and administrative lead time components are expanded or compressed by a uniform “stretching factor” until no difference exists between the schedule of operations obtained by forward and backward scheduling. See: lead time scheduling.P

Answer 28

Syn: resource management.I

Answer 29

Abbreviation for estimate at completion.E

Answer 30

Syn: scrap factor.S

Answer 31

The cargo being transported by a vehicle.L

Answer 32

Refers to a brick and mortar company that also has succeeded in making online sales. Ant: bricks and mortar.C

Answer 33

An entity that picks up goods at the production site and coordinates transport to the foreign customer’s location.F

Answer 34

A retail product numbering and bar coding system that identifies the item and the manufacturer. U

Answer 35

Specifying the inputs, files, processing, and outputs for a new system, but without expressing computer alternatives and technical details.R

Answer 36

Keeping inventory in specified locations on a plant floor near the operation where it is to be used.P

Answer 37

Personnel assigned to customer relations who answer customer questions and who provide technical support.C

Answer 38

Inventory placed in the production process near where it is used. See: dock-to-stock inventory.P P

Answer 39

1) In industrial engineering, the time between completion of two discrete units of production. For example, the cycle time of motors assembled at a rate of 120 per hour would be 30 seconds. 2) In materials management, it refers to the length of time from when material enters a production facility until it exits. Syn: throughput time.C

Answer 40

Failure to meet quality standards.D

Answer 41

Product standards and specifications for military or defense contractors, units, suppliers, and so forth. These standards sometimes become de facto standards within the civilian community.M

Answer 42

Estimating how long it takes for an employee to produce one unit of output.W

Answer 43

A ratio of total measurable benefits to the initial capital cost. This might be used in deciding which projects to pursue in a continuous improvement effort.C

Answer 44

Any type of internet-based promotion. Many marketing managers use the term to refer to any type of computer-based marketing.C D

Answer 45

A method of producing a good or service that minimizes external cost and pollution. It includes design for reuse, design for disassembly, and design for remanufacture. See: environmentally responsible business.G

Answer 46

Computer hardware and software configured to automate calculating, computing, sequencing, storing, retrieving, displaying, communicating, or otherwise manipulating data and textual material to provide information.A

Answer 47

Abbreviation for time and materials.T

Answer 48

An implied warranty that goods are fit for the use to which they are generally applied.W

Answer 49

Syn: quick asset ratio.A

Answer 50

In queuing theory, the rate at which arrivals are processed through the production or service system, in arrivals per unit of time. See: queuing theory.S

Answer 51

The act of holding inventory in a single location instead of multiple locations.I

Answer 52

Syn: multisourcing. See: dual sourcing.M

Answer 53

Abbreviation for Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals.C

Answer 54

Individuals who are capable of carrying out a variety of tasks.M N

Answer 55

The group of suppliers from which a firm acquires goods and services. Syn: supply base.S

Answer 56

A change made to an inventory record to correct the balance, to bring it in line with actual physical inventory balances. The adjustment either increases or decreases the item record on-hand balance.I

Answer 57

Latin for all other things being the same.C

Answer 58

A demarcation between the level of defects in a lot at which the lot will be accepted or rejected.A

Answer 59

The details or description of an activity or operation to be performed. The operation description is normally contained in the routing document and could include setup instructions, operating instructions (feeds, speeds, heats, pressure, etc.), and required product specifications or tolerances.O

Answer 60

A technique for machine recognition of characters by their images.O

Answer 61

In service organizations, the limit of reimbursement allowed by an agency for the cost of a supply item.M

Answer 62

The percentage of time on average that an item must be repaired for return to a serviceable condition. The repair factor is also expressed as a percentage applied to the quantity per assembly on the bill of material. It is useful for forecasting materials and capacity requirements for planning purposes. Syn: frequency of repair. See: occurrence factor, replacement factor.R

Answer 63

An item that replaces components originally installed on equipment; a modification to in-service equipment.R

Answer 64

Syn: replenishment period.R

Answer 65

A design based on established biomechanical and behavioral concepts, including the known operating characteristics of people. Produces a workplace situation well within the range of human capacity and does not generally require modification, improvement, or preliminary experimental “mock-up.”A

Answer 66

Abbreviation for research and development.R

Answer 67

The total value added by a plant divided by the total direct labor hours in particular time period. This percentage allows the scheduling at the rough cut and capacity requirements level of the plan.P

Answer 68

1) An authorization that identifies the items and quantities to be withdrawn from inventory. 2) An authorization that identifies the items and quantities to be included in a purchase order. Syn: production materials requisition.M

Answer 69

A method of inventory control that includes, as special cases, most of the systems in practice. In this system, when an order is received for any item, it is used as a picking ticket, and duplicate copies, called replenishment orders, are sent back to all stages of production to initiate replenishment of stocks. Positive or negative orders, called base stock orders, are also used from time to time to adjust the level of the base stock of each item. In actual practice, replenishment orders are usually accumulated when they are issued and are released at regular intervals.B

Answer 70

That part of methods engineering normally involving an examination and analysis of an operation or a work cycle broken down into its constituent parts to improve the operation, eliminate unnecessary steps, and/or establish and record in detail a proposed method of performance.M

Answer 71

Shipment made without any additional stops, such as for loading or changing trucks.D

Answer 72

The work center where an operation is not normally performed but can be performed. Ant: primary work center.A

Answer 73

Suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, and retailers who form a supply chain to make and distribute a set of products.C

Answer 74

A set of detailed instructions for carrying out a manufacturing process. It is usually referenced by the routing and thus can simplify the content of the routing.M

Answer 75

Paying a fee for permission to manufacture and sell a product created by another.L

Answer 76

1) Syn: inventory turnover. 2) In the United Kingdom and certain other countries, annual sales volume.T

Answer 77

The number of times that an inventory cycles, or “turns over,” during the year. A frequently used method to compute inventory turnover is to divide the average inventory level into the annual cost of sales. For example, an average inventory of $3 million divided into an annual cost of sales of $21 million means that inventory turned over seven times. Syn: inventory turns, turnover. See: inventory velocity.I

Answer 78

A concept of off-line quality control methods conducted at the product and process design stages in the product development cycle. This concept, expressed by Genichi Taguchi, encompasses three phases of product design: system design, parameter design, and tolerance design. The goal is to reduce quality loss by reducing the variability of the product’s characteristics during the parameter phase of product development. Syn: Taguchi methods.T

Answer 79

Audits occurring within registration processes (e.g., for ISO 9000:2000).C Certified Fellow in Production and Inventory

Answer 80

The standard hours of work required by scheduled receipts (i.e., open production orders).S

Answer 81

A place to receive, store, and ship materials.W

Answer 82

A methodology for locating distribution centers at approximately the location representing the minimum transportation costs between the plants, the distribution centers, and the markets.C

Answer 83

The locations in the product structure or distribution network where inventory is placed to create independence between processes or entities. Selection of decoupling points is a strategic decision that determines customer lead times and inventory investment. See: control points.D

Answer 84

Buyers who purchase materials mainly for conversion.I

Answer 85

The electronic transmission of logistics information via computer systems.L

Answer 86

In project management, the present estimate of an activity’s start date.C

Answer 87

A suggested order quantity, release date, and due date created by the planning system’s logic when it encounters net requirements in processing MRP. In some cases, it can also be created by a master scheduling module. Planned orders are created by the computer, exist only within the computer, and may be changed or deleted by the computer during subsequent processing if conditions change. Planned orders at one level will be exploded into gross requirements for components at the next level. Planned orders, along with released orders, serve as input to capacity requirements planning to show the total capacity requirements by work center in future time periods. See: planning time fence.P

Answer 88

The process of making, checking, correcting, and using forecasts. It also includes determination of the forecast horizon.F forecast mean absolute percentage of error (FMAPE) The absolute error divided by actual demand for “n” periods. Where absolute error is the variation between the actual demand and the forecast for the period expressed as a positive value (without regard for sign).F

Answer 89

Company processes that, previously handled externally, have been reassigned internally.B

Answer 90

In a just-in-time context, a card or other signal indicating that a specific number of units of a particular item are to be taken from a source (usually an outbound stockpoint) and taken to a point of use (usually an inbound stockpoint). It authorizes the movement of one part number between a single pair of work centers. The card circulates between the outbound stockpoint of the supplying work center and the inbound stockpoint of the using work center. Syn: move signal. See: kanban.M

Answer 91

A set of guidelines for proper conduct by business professionals. For example, the ISM (formerly NAPM) provides a set of principles and standards for the proper conduct of purchasing activities.E

Answer 92

The phenomenon of market leadership being gained through market innovation.F

Answer 93

Comparing actual to planned performance and taking corrective action, as needed, to align performance with plan.C

Answer 94

Costs associated with ordering and holding inventory. See: carrying costs, ordering cost.I

Answer 95

The shipment of a part or product by one plant to another plant or division within the corporation. See: interplant demand, transfer pricing.I

Answer 96

Dividing a lot into two or more sublots and simultaneously processing each sublot on identical (or very similar) facilities as separate lots, usually to compress lead time or to expedite a small quantity. Syn: operation splitting.L M

Answer 97

A percentage of a contract value that is withheld pending project completion and approval.R

Answer 98

In information systems, a website that, over time, continues to attract a large number of visitors.A

Answer 99

One of the four Ps (product, price, place, and promotion) that constitute the set of tools used to direct the business offering to the customer. Price is the amount charged for the product offering. The price set must take into account competition, substitute products, and internal business costs to return a desirable product margin. See: four Ps.P

Answer 100

Business being conducted between businesses and final consumers largely over the internet. It includes traditional brick and mortar businesses that also offer products online and businesses that trade exclusively electronically.B

Answer 101

Sales from the manufacturer to the ultimate consumer without going through a distributor or retailer.D

Answer 102

1) Shipments moved by different types of equipment combining the best features of each mode. 2) The use of two or more different carrier modes in the through movement of a shipment.I

Answer 103

Making several different parts or products in varying lot sizes so that a factory produces close to the same mix of products that will be sold that day. The mixed-model schedule governs the making and the delivery of component parts, including those provided by outside suppliers. The goal is to build every model every day, according to daily demand.M

Answer 104

Managing a production system using scientific principles. Usually refers to the principles established by Frederick Taylor.S

Answer 105

Pricing products at a markup over the marginal cost of producing the next item. Marginal costs generally include the variable cost of producing and selling an additional item.M

Answer 106

A manager or team member who has been trained in six sigma improvement methods and will have full-time responsibilities for process and quality improvement.G

Answer 107

The elapsed duration from project start date through project finish date.P

Answer 108

A graphic map of the relationship between the business functions. It shows the inputs and outputs flow across functions. It is useful to show how processes are currently performed, disconnections in processes, and proposed processes. Relationship maps show the products and services of a given unit, how work flows through organizational boundaries, and the relationships between functions represented by boxes in the map.R

Answer 109

Inventory-on-hand metric converted from units to how long the units will last. For example, if there are 2,000 units on hand and the company is using 200 per day, than there are 10 days of supply.D

Answer 110

either money, property, or human life.C

Answer 111

In the theory of constraints, a network planning technique for the analysis of a project’s completion time, used for planning and controlling project activities. The critical chain, which determines project duration, is based on technological and resource constraints. Strategic buffering of paths and resources is used to increase project completion success. See: critical chain, critical path method.C

Answer 112

The individual identification number assigned to an item to permit inventory management in the U.S. supply system.N

Answer 113

A statement of the future business scope of an enterprise. The statement incorporates what is being satisfied (customer needs), who is being satisfied (customer groups), and how the company creates value for the customer (processes, technologies, and core competencies).S

Answer 114

In the critical path method of project management, the earliest time at which a given activity is estimated to begin. This date can change as the project is executed.E

Answer 115

A graphical technique used to analyze the relationship between two related groups of ideas.M

Answer 116

A storage point located upstream of a work station intended to make it easier to see customer requirements.S

Answer 117

A method of selecting and sequencing picking lists to minimize the waiting time of the delivered material. Shipping orders may be picked in waves combined by common carrier or destination, and manufacturing orders in waves related to work centers.W

Answer 118

Inventory that is carried as a cushion to protect against forecast error. Syn: fluctuation stock. See: inventory buffer.F

Answer 119

Another name for forecasting models that utilize moving averages. The forecast is “smoothed” in the sense that averages have less variability than individual periods.S

Answer 120

Acronym for manufacturing automation protocol.M

Answer 121

Syn: replenishment lead time.R

Answer 122

Syn: capacity available.A

Answer 123

The evolution of a supply chain from intraorganizational management to interorganizational management.C

Answer 124

Syn: cumulative lead time.C

Answer 125

A product shipped in an aircraft, railroad car, ship, barge, or truck.C

Answer 126

The difference between the actual start date of a project activity and the current date (if the activity is still in progress) or the difference between the actual start date of a project activity and the actual completion date (if the activity is completed).A

Answer 127

A printed report, message, or special listing.H

Answer 128

An intangible item that is only recorded on a company’s books as the result of a purchase. Generally, it is inseparable from the enterprise but makes the company more valuable, for example, a good reputation.G

Answer 129

A dispatching rule under which the jobs are sequenced by their arrival times. See: first-in, first-out.F

Answer 130

Syn: routing.O

Answer 131

A merging of those branches of engineering and the behavioral sciences that concern themselves principally with the human component in the design and operation of humanmachine systems. Human factors engineering is based on a fundamental knowledge and study of human physical and mental abilities and emotional characteristics.H

Answer 132

A unique identification assigned to a homogeneous quantity of material. Syn: batch number, mix number.L

Answer 133

A type of preventive maintenance based on nondestructive testing and statistical analysis, used to predict when required maintenance should be scheduled. Syn: predictable maintenance.P

Answer 134

A performance criterion that measures how consistently goods and services are delivered on, or before, the promised time.D

Answer 135

A master scheduling approach in which a planning bill of material is used to master schedule an end product or family, along with selected key features (options and accessories). See: hedge, multilevel master schedule, production forecast.T

Answer 136

Abbreviation for production part approval process.P

Answer 137

In marketing, dividing potential markets by characteristics of potential customers, such as age, sex, income, and education.D

Answer 138

Syn: direct labor.T T

Answer 139

A method of constructing a database that requires that related record types be linked in tree-like structures, where no child record can have more than one physical parent record.H

Answer 140

A document used in the process industries to authorize and control the production of a quantity of material. Batch cards usually contain quantities and lot B numbers of ingredients to be used, processing variables, pack-out instructions, and product disposition. See: assembly parts list, batch sheet, blend formula, fabrication order, manufacturing order, mix ticket.B

Answer 141

A measurement of the yield of a process. For a specific process or operation, yield factor + scrap factor = 1. See: scrap factor, yield.Y

Answer 142

A graph used to determine the probability of accepting lots as a function of the quality level of the lots or processes when using various sampling plans. There are three types: Type A curves, which give the probability of acceptance for an individual lot coming from finite production (will not continue in the future); Type B curves, which give the probability of acceptance for lots coming from a continuous process; and Type C curves, which, for a continuous sampling plan, give the long-run percentage of product accepted during the sampling phase.O

Answer 143

The process for collecting and reconciling information from within and outside the organization to come up with a single projection of demand.C

Answer 144

A never-ending effort to expose and eliminate root causes of problems: small-step improvement as opposed to big-step improvement. Syn: continuous improvement. See: kaizen.C

Answer 145

The process of designing a product to meet a specific cost objective. Target costing involves setting the planned selling price, subtracting the desired profit as well as marketing and distribution costs, thus leaving the required manufacturing or target cost.T

Answer 146

Work is completed only when demand occurs. More specifically, it is a process in which a product or service is made only after an order is placed for that product or service.O

Answer 147

Abbreviation for value-based management.V

Answer 148

Issues of parts or materials from stores in quantities that correspond to the rate at which materials are used.M

Answer 149

In e-commerce, a system for guaranteeing the security of financial transactions conducted over the internet.S

Answer 150

A nonprofit society for purchasing managers and others, now known as the Institute for Supply Management (ISM).N

Answer 151

1) The analyzing in detail of the information needed for an organization, the characteristics and components of the current information system, and the requirements of any proposed changes to the information system. 2) A method of problem solving that encompasses the identification, study, and evaluation of interdependent parts and their attributes that function in an ongoing process and that constitute an organic whole.S

Answer 152

A system that produces completed products or assemblies without the contribution of direct labor.A

Answer 153

A production environment where a specific machine limits throughput of the process. See: constraint, throughput.M

Answer 154

A discount given for paying early, buying in quantity, and so forth. See: discount.P P

Answer 155

Syn: just in time.S

Answer 156

As applied to an electrical or computer system, the capability of representing data in continuously varying physical phenomena (as in a voltmeter) and converting them into numbers.A A

Answer 157

An indicator of whether or not a company is using its assets efficiently. It is measured by dividing sales by average assets during a particular period.T

Answer 158

A chain of events proposed by W. Edwards Deming: improve quality, and costs will go down because of less scrap and rework, while revenues will go up because the company will be able to sell more product at higher prices. Thus, better quality means more profitability.C

Answer 159

A project management network in which the passage of time, via activities, takes place on the arrows. The start of an activity is represented by the tail of the arrow, while the completion of the activity is represented by the tip of the arrow. The sequence of the arrows represents the sequence of activities. Arrows are connected by nodes, which are usually circles. Syn: activity-on-arc network, arrow diagram method, event-on-arrow network.A

Answer 160

A manufacturing process that produces families of parts within a single line or cell of machines controlled by operators who work only within the line or cell.C

Answer 161

Abbreviation for quick-response program.Q

Answer 162

Acronym for secure electronic transaction.S

Answer 163

The capability of a system or resource to produce a quantity of output in a particular time period. Syn: available capacity. See: capacity, available time.C

Answer 164

A sequential number, usually two, three, or four digits long, such as 010, 020, 030, that indicates the sequence in which operations are to be performed within an item’s routing.O

Answer 165

Syn: infinite loading.I

Answer 166

1) The combination of tasks, duties, and responsibilities assigned to an individual employee and usually considered his or her work assignment. 2) The contents of a work order.J

Answer 167

The process by which employees that are not needed for some extended amount of time are given notice that their services are not needed. Benefits may or may not continue in a layoff.L

Answer 168

The sworn questioning, outside of court, of a potential witness by the other side’s attorney.D

Answer 169

An interview given to an employee who is leaving the company. The purpose is to find out why a person is leaving, what was liked and disliked about the job and the company, and what changes would make the department and the company a better place to work.E

Answer 170

A forecasting technique that uses a simple moving average or a weighted moving average projected forward as a forecast.M

Answer 171

A row on an MRP table that is derived from planned order receipts by taking the planned receipt quantity and offsetting to the left by the appropriate lead time. See: order release.P

Answer 172

A component of demand usually describing the impact of uncontrollable variation on demand. See: decomposition, time series analysis.R

Answer 173

The APICS designation that is a recognition of a high level of professional knowledge in production and inventory management.C

Answer 174

The process of creating and producing the total composite good and service characteristics (by marketing, engineering, manufacturing, purchasing, etc.) through which the good and service will meet the expectations of customers.T

Answer 175

A metric cosponsored by the University of Michigan and the American Society for Quality that measures the satisfaction of U.S. customers with the goods and services available to them from both domestic and foreign origins.A

Answer 176

A ratio comparing the number of employee-days lost with the total number of available employee-days of employment during some base period, usually one month.A

Answer 177

The number of bits transmitted per second.B

Answer 178

A discount provided if freight is delivered to or picked up from the carrier’s terminal.T

Answer 179

A Japanese word meaning unevenness or variability.M

Answer 180

An internationally standardized description of goods that uses a system of numbers to provide increasingly detailed classification and descriptions.H

Answer 181

A total quality management tool whereby employees working in silence generate ideas and later categorize these ideas.A

Answer 182

Sales divided by net fixed assets. Fixed assets reflect asset acquisition price less depreciation.F

Answer 183

This type of purchasing uses few suppliers who have long-term commitments with the organization. Long-term contracts are used, which enable the purchaser to develop and certify the quality process at the supplier.J K

Answer 184

A high-speed data communication system for linking computer terminals, programs, storage, and graphic devices at multiple workstations distributed over a relatively small geographic area such as a building or campus.L

Answer 185

In theory of constraints: Those negative aspects of an environment that are noted so that a current reality tree may be constructed.U

Answer 186

Acronym for electronic mail.E

Answer 187

A measure of the excess income over expenditure during a given period of time.P

Answer 188

Syn: product line.P

Answer 189

A person who facilitates change within an organization. This person may or may not be within the organization and may or may not be the initiator of the change.C

Answer 190

Syn: bottleneck.B

Answer 191

traditionally in only factory products and processes (little q).B

Answer 192

1) The function of recognizing all demands for goods and services to support the marketplace. It involves prioritizing demand when supply is lacking. Proper demand management facilitates the planning and use of resources for profitable business results. 2) In marketing, the process of planning, executing, controlling, and monitoring the design, pricing, promotion, and distribution of products and services to bring about transactions that meet organizational and individual needs. Syn: marketing management. See: demand planning.D

Answer 193

Short-term alliances between independent organizations in a potentially long-term relationship to design, produce, and distribute a product. Organizations cooperate based on mutual values and act as a single entity to third parties.V W

Answer 194

Syn: manufacturing calendar.M

Answer 195

A waiting line. In manufacturing, the jobs at a given work center waiting to be processed. As queues increase, so do average queue time and work-inprocess inventory.Q

Answer 196

In an MRP system, the amount of time between successive runs of the MRP model. If the planner does not run MRP frequently enough, the material plan becomes inaccurate as material requirements and inventory status change with the passage of time.R

Answer 197

Physical arrangement of resources or centers of economic activity (machines, groups of people, workstations, storage areas, aisles, etc.) within a facility. Layouts include product (linear or line), functional (job shop or process), cellular, and fixed position.L

Answer 198

A partnership having two types of partners: (1) limited partners contribute assets to the company without participating in management and (2) general partners manage the company and are responsible for all debts.L

Answer 199

Considering all cost impacts, rather than just one cost impact, on customer service improvement.T

Answer 200

An endeavor with a specific objective to be met within predetermined time and dollar limitations and that has been assigned for definition or execution. See: project manufacturing, project management.P

Answer 201

The place where the customer comes into contact with the service operation. Many service operations contain front room and back room operations. See: back room.F

Answer 202

Syn: U chart.C

Answer 203

A marketing strategy that seeks to develop new products to supply current markets.P

Answer 204

The gathering of a number of small shipments to a variety of customers into a larger load, which is then shipped to a point near the customers where it is broken down for delivery.O

Answer 205

A printed character frequently used in utilities billing and credit applications that can be read by a machine without the aid of magnetic ink.O

Answer 206

A statement of price, terms of sale, and description of goods or services offered by a supplier to a prospective purchaser; a bid. When given in response to an inquiry, it is usually considered an offer to sell. See: bid.Q

Answer 207

Syn: order point system.S

Answer 208

The inventory method that places an order for a lot whenever the quantity on hand is reduced to a predetermined level known as the order point. Syn: statistical order point system. See: fixed reorder quantity inventory model, hybrid system.O

Answer 209

A graph of contiguous vertical bars representing a frequency distribution in which the groups or classes of items are marked on the x axis and the number of items in each class is indicated on the y axis. The pictorial nature of the histogram lets people see patterns that are difficult to see in a simple table of numbers. The histogram is one of the seven tools of quality.H

Answer 210

An accounting/financial term (balance sheet classification of accounts) representing the shortterm resources owned by a company, including cash, accounts receivable, and inventories. See: assets, balance sheet.C

Answer 211

Syn: routing.O

Answer 212

Abbreviation for failure mode effects analysis.F F

Answer 213

1) Sales activities that supplement both personal selling and marketing, coordinate the two, and help to make them effective (e.g., displays). 2) More loosely, the combination of personal selling, advertising, and all supplementary selling activities. 3)

Answer 214

Similar to cross-docking, a product is unloaded from an inbound vehicle and loaded directly on an outbound vehicle. Product is received and picked simultaneously, never becoming set in the warehouse.P

Answer 215

Syn: P chart.P

Answer 216

Syn: job shop.J

Answer 217

Business conducted over the internet between businesses. The implication is that this connectivity will cause businesses to transform themselves via supply chain management

Answer 218

Allowing more time than should be necessary to complete a day’s work. As a result, a daily quota is met more often and workers have time to cross-train or perform maintenance on their tools and machines.U

Answer 219

Syn: fixed reorder quantity inventory model.O

Answer 220

A service system designed to actually perform the service on the customer, such as in health care or hair salons.C

Answer 221

A set of measurements (or metrics) that seeks to establish the current or starting level of performance of a process, function, product, firm, and so on. Baseline measures are usually established before implementing improvement activities and programs.B

Answer 222

A document defining known risks including description, cause, likelihood, costs, and proposed responses. It also identifies current status on each risk.R

Answer 223

Any raw material, part, component, or product with one or more characteristics that depart from the specifications, drawing, or other approved product description.N

Answer 224

Contracting with third parties to perform non-core activities within a business. Functions often outsourced include human resources, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and payroll.B

Answer 225

Abbreviation for optical character recognition.O

Answer 226

A type of product architecture where the functional pieces correspond to physical pieces. The different physical pieces have their own function, and there is little interaction between them.M

Answer 227

Syn: manufacturer’s representative.M

Answer 228

A description of how reactive one activity is to changes in the level of another activity or cost object.A

Answer 229

A productivity score that measures output levels relative to more than one input, such as labor or capital.M

Answer 230

The theory of constraints method for scheduling and managing operations that have an internal constraint or capacity-constrained resource.D

Answer 231

1) The development and application of quantitative techniques to the solution of problems. More specifically, theory and methodology in mathematics, statistics, and computing are adapted and applied to the identification, formulation, solution, validation, implementation, and control of decisionmaking problems. 2) An academic field of study concerned with the development and application of quantitative analysis to the solution of problems faced by management in public and private organizations. Syn: management science.O

Answer 232

Data gathered when a customer initiates the process by filling out a card or sending an email. The firm develops the feedback form but the customer initiates the use of it.P

Answer 233

When customers will not join a queue when they learn how long it is. See: reneging.B

Answer 234

In a just-in-time context, a card or other signal for indicating that items should be made for use or to replace some items removed from pipeline stock. See: kanban.P

Answer 235

A forklift truck with a standing operator.H

Answer 236

Ratio of profits before payment of interest and income taxes (EBIT) to interest on debt.T

Answer 237

In project management, the date on which an activity in a project was actually started.A

Answer 238

A person filling a nonexempt position. See: nonexempt positions.N

Answer 239

A marketing philosophy based on putting the customer first. The collection and analysis of information designed for sales and marketing decision support (as contrasted to enterprise resources planning information) to understand and support existing and potential customer needs. It includes account management, catalog and order entry, payment processing, credits and adjustments, and other functions. Syn: customer relations management.C

Answer 240

The methodology of intentionally restricting a resource (e.g., inventory, storage space, number of workers) to expose a problem that must then be resolved.E

Answer 241

The ability of a facility to increase their output and ability to deliver, for the foreseeable future, because of a non-forecasted increase in demand. The main drivers of this flexibility are the availability of direct labor and/ or direct materials and the actual production capacity of the facility.U

Answer 242

A lean production tool to visually understand the flow of materials from supplier to customer that includes the current process and flow as well as the value-added and non-value-added time of all the process steps. Used to lead to reduction of waste, decrease flow time, and make the process flow more efficient and effective.V

Answer 243

Abbreviation for activity-based management.A

Answer 244

scrap or rework.M

Answer 245

A cost, usually in dollars per hour, that is normally added to the cost of every standard production hour to cover overhead expenses.B

Answer 246

A measure of the overall level of prices. It attempts to relate the cost of buying a specific set of goods and services with the cost of buying the same set of goods and services during an earlier time period.C

Answer 247

The design, planning, execution, control, and monitoring of supply chain activities with the objective of creating net value, building a competitive infrastructure, leveraging worldwide logistics, synchronizing supply with demand, and measuring performance globally.S

Answer 248

Syn: activity-on-arrow network.A

Answer 249

A repository of data that has been specially prepared to support decision-making applications. Syn: decision-support data. See: information data warehouse.D

Answer 250

A method of exponential smoothing for trend situations that employs two previously computed averages, the singly and doubly smoothed values, to extrapolate into the future. Syn: double smoothing.S

Answer 251

Abbreviation for World Trade Organization.W

Answer 252

Abbreviation for activity-based budgeting.A

Answer 253

Purchasing from suppliers on a contractual basis for a fixed period of time or amount of product. For job shops, the purchasing contract can be only for one job. For repetitive manufacturing, the materials are usually purchased on contracts that last for a model run or at least a year.D

Answer 254

An incorrect decision to reject something (such as a statistical hypothesis or a lot of products) when it is acceptable. See: producer’s risk.T

Answer 255

A form of problem solving in which the results or rules have been determined by experience or intuition instead of by optimization. Heuristics can be used in such areas as forecasting; lot sizing; or determining production, staff, or inventory levels.H

Answer 256

Syn: level production method.L

Answer 257

A route through a chain involving multiple network paths, with switching of paths due to resource conflicts.N

Answer 258

Acronym for American Standard Code for Information Interchange.A

Answer 259

Abbreviation for computer-aided inspection and test.C

Answer 260

A document that represents the terms of performance for organic support.S

Answer 261

A change in data, a characteristic, or a function that is caused by one of four factors: special causes, common causes, tampering, or structural variation.V

Answer 262

In the theory of constraints, strategic locations in the logical product structure for a product or family that simplify the planning, scheduling, and control functions. Control points include gating operations, convergent points, divergent points, constraints, and shipping points. Detailed scheduling instructions are planned, implemented, and monitored at these locations. Other work centers are instructed to “work if they have work; otherwise, be prepared for work.” In this manner, materials flow rapidly through the facility without detailed work center scheduling and control.C

Answer 263

A group of operations identified separately for instructions and documentation but reported as one.B

Answer 264

The overall costs associated with prevention activities and the improvement of quality throughout the firm before, during, and after production of a product. These costs fall into four recognized categories: internal failure costs, external failure costs, appraisal costs, and prevention costs. Internal failure costs relate to problems before the product reaches the customer. These usually include rework, scrap, downgrades, reinspection, retest, and process losses. External failure costs relate to problems found after the product reaches the customer. These usually include such costs as warranty and returns. Appraisal costs are associated with the formal evaluation and audit of quality in the firm. Typical costs include inspection, quality audits, testing, calibration, and checking time. Prevention costs are those caused by improvement activities that focus on reducing failure and appraisal costs. Typical costs include education, quality training, and supplier certification.Q

Answer 265

A process in which the statistical measure being evaluated is not in a state of statistical control (i.e., the variations among the observed sampling results can be attributed to a constant system of chance causes). Ant: in-control process.O

Answer 266

A type of statistical distribution frequently used to model the arrival of customers or entities into a queuing system.P

Answer 267

An abbreviation for internet service provider.I

Answer 268

A group of characters that defines an item at a basic level. Syn: data field.D

Answer 269

Syn: batch bill of materials.B

Answer 270

Determined by studying actual past labor data for the operation of interest.H

Answer 271

A device that converts digital signals to analog signals (and vice versa) so they can be sent over phone lines.M

Answer 272

Syn: float.P

Answer 273

Those performance requirements and conditions that must be reached before projects or products are accepted.A

Answer 274

Critical-toquality characteristics (CTQs) are the important and measurable traits of a product or process whose performance targets must be met to satisfy the customer. They adjust improvement efforts to meet consumer requirements. CTQs represent customer expectations for a product.C

Answer 275

Syn: production plan.O

Answer 276

Abbreviation for product data management.P

Answer 277

A long-term commitment to a supplier for material against which short-term releases will be generated to satisfy requirements. Often blanket orders cover only one item with predetermined delivery dates. Syn: blanket order, standing order.B

Answer 278

A set of measurements of the degree to which a firm is financing assets with fixed-charge instruments such as debt or preferred stock.F

Answer 279

An operation in a production process where multiple materials/parts/components are combined into a single component. An assembly operation is an example of a convergent point.C

Answer 280

A physical inventory taken at some recurring interval (e.g., monthly, quarterly, or annual physical inventory). See: physical inventory.P

Answer 281

Syn: base inventory level.B

Answer 282

The process of setting goals for the organization and choosing various ways to use the organization’s resources to achieve the goals.P

Answer 283

Costs generally related to increasing (or decreasing) capacity in the medium-to longrange time horizon. Personnel costs include hiring and training of direct laborers, supervisors, and support personnel in the areas related to the capacity increase. Equipment purchases to increase capacity are also considered. In contrast, costs related to decreasing capacity include layoffs, the fixed overhead spread over fewer units, the impact of low morale, and the inefficiencies of lower production levels.C

Answer 284

A depreciation method involving high write-offs in the early years of an asset’s life and lower write-offs later. This method lowers the value of an asset faster than straight-line depreciation.A

Answer 285

Any activity on the critical path of a project; an activity with no slack time (i.e., any delay in the activity will delay project completion). See: critical path, critical path method.C

Answer 286

A penalty given to the supplier because a late delivery or poor quality resulted in extra costs.B

Answer 287

Syn: process chart.O

Answer 288

Large-scale storage for raw materials, intermediates, or finished products. Each vessel normally contains a mixture of lots and materials that may be replenished and withdrawn for use or pack-out simultaneously.B

Answer 289

A document that describes the communications needs and expectations within a project, including format, dates, locations, and responsibilities.C C

Answer 290

Syn: control chart.P

Answer 291

An organization that has reached a level of excellence due to superior products or services and customer satisfaction; best of the best.W

Answer 292

Plans designed to give employees a core of minimum basic coverage with the option to choose additional coverage or, sometimes, cash. Employees can customize their benefits packages to suit their personal needs.F

Answer 293

Syn: safety stock.R

Answer 294

An 18-character designation identifying boxes or pallets that are part of a shipment covered by an automated shipment notice.S

Answer 295

A receipt transaction that updates the quantity on hand but for which no order exists.U

Answer 296

Selling the same products to different buyers at different prices.P

Answer 297

Syn: put-away time.D

Answer 298

The degree to which a product has been accepted by the marketplace. Syn: market reach.M

Answer 299

A metric defining customer service. To be considered as complete and on

Answer 300

A purchasing practice whereby a company commits to a supplier for a given amount of its capacity per unit of time. Subsequently, schedules for individual items are given to the supplier in quantities to match the committed level of capacity. Syn: buying capacity.C C

Answer 301

Usefulness to the customer created by having the product delivered to a desired location.P

Answer 302

A software system for delivering and managing education and training within an organization.L

Answer 303

A company allows outsiders, typically customers, to see some internal information, typically regarding an order, without giving any more than the outsider requires.T

Answer 304

A method of incentive compensation where employees share collectively in savings from productivity improvements. Syn: gain sharing plans.G

Answer 305

The governmental restrictions placed on an organization regarding the goods and services provided by the business, for example, environmental regulations, export/import restrictions, safety regulations, and mandated deregulations.L

Answer 306

The quantity of a product expected to be withdrawn from stock or to be consumed during its replenishment lead time when usage is at the forecasted rate. See: expected demand.D

Answer 307

The international term for what is known in the United States as a foreign trade zone. See: foreign trade zone.F

Answer 308

1) In work measurement, a time value or percentage of time by which the normal time is increased, or the amount of nonproductive time applied, to compensate for justifiable causes or policy requirements that necessitate performance time not directly measured for each element or task. Usually includes irregular elements, incentive opportunity on machinecontrolled time, minor unavoidable delays, rest time to overcome fatigue, and time for personal needs. 2) In assembly, the minimum clearance or maximum interference distance between two adjacent objects.A

Answer 309

The overhead rate applied to jobs passing through a department.D

Answer 310

The mathematical determination of safety stock quantities considering forecast errors, lot sizes, desired customer service levels, and the ratio of lead time to the length of the forecast period. Safety stock is frequently the product of the appropriate safety factor and the standard deviation or mean absolute deviation of the distribution of demand forecast errors.S

Answer 311

The amount of time an item may be held in inventory before it becomes unusable.S

Answer 312

A methodology that enables finding solutions to waste issues while keeping in mind financial elements and the business case.T

Answer 313

A method for scheduling and producing based on a periodic rate (e.g., daily, weekly, monthly). This method has traditionally been applied to high-volume and process industries. The concept has also been applied within job shops using cellular layouts and mixed-model level schedules where the production rate is matched to the selling rate.R

Answer 314

1) An overall measure of the ability to produce a good or a service. It is the actual output of production compared to the actual input of resources. Productivity is a relative measure across time or against common entities (labor, capital, etc.). In the production literature, attempts have been made to define total productivity where the effects of labor and capital are combined and divided into the output. One example is a ratio that is calculated by adding the dollar value of labor, capital equipment, energy, and material, and so forth and dividing it into the dollar value of output in a given time period. This is one measure of total factor productivity. See: efficiency, labor productivity, machine productivity, utilization. 2) In economics, the ratio of output in terms of dollars of sales to an input such as direct labor in terms of the total wages. This is called single factor productivity or partial factor productivity.P

Answer 315

In activity-based cost accounting, connecting resources to activities to cost objects using underlying causal drivers to understand how costs occur during normal business activities.T

Answer 316

An entity to which a lease is given.L

Answer 317

A concept that addresses the efficiency with which materials are obtained, converted, and shipped in the overall purchasing, production, and distribution process. It can be considered as a companion concept to labor efficiency, and it is potentially more significant as the materials portion of cost of goods sold continues to grow.M

Answer 318

The difference between the highest price a consumer is willing to pay for a good or service and the price actually paid.C

Answer 319

A form of cooperative relationship among companies in Japan where the companies largely remain legally and economically independent, even though they work closely in various ways such as financial backing. A member of a keiretsu generally owns a limited amount of stock in other member companies. A keiretsu generally forms around a bank and a trading company, but “distribution” (supply chain) keiretsu alliances have been formed of companies ranging from raw material suppliers to retailers.K

Answer 320

A chart made up from the bills of material for a number of products in the same or similar families. It is arranged in a matrix with components in M columns and parents in rows (or vice versa) so that requirements for common components can be summarized conveniently.M

Answer 321

Inventory items that have met the obsolescence criteria established by the organization. For example, inventory that has been superseded by a new model or otherwise made obsolescent. Obsolete inventory will never be used or sold at full value. Disposing of the inventory may reduce a company’s profit.O

Answer 322

The incentive contract allows for the sharing of the cost responsibility between the buyer and seller. Incentives are incorporated into the contracts to motivate the supplier to improve its performance in areas such as quality, on-time delivery, and customer satisfaction. There are three elements of an incentive agreement: target cost, target profit, and the sharing agreement.I

Answer 323

Abbreviation for Toyota Production System.T

Answer 324

A delivery person who drives a local route, as opposed to long-haul route.C

Answer 325

The outsourcing of the warehousing function by the seller of the goods.T

Answer 326

1) In traditional cost accounting, variable costs that can be directly attributed to a particular job or operation. Direct material and direct labor are traditionally considered direct costs. 2) In activity-based cost (ABC) accounting, a cost that can specifically be traced and is economically feasible to track to a particular cost object (e.g., the units produced, a production line, a department, a manufacturing plant). In contrast, if the cost must be allocated across various cost objects, it is an indirect cost. Based on the cost object under consideration, the classification of direct and indirect can change. ABC accounting assumes that more costs traditionally viewed as fixed costs are variable and can be traced to cost objects.D

Answer 327

A common internet or intranet framework that enables the movement of data from one application to another, without the requirement for a direct connection between two supply chain applications and without regard to the underlying operating system for those applications.W

Answer 328

A condition where given raw materials or ingredients are used in multiple parents.C

Answer 329

Abbreviation for automatic identification and data capture.A

Answer 330

An accounting/financial term representing the resources owned by a company for productive purposes (to generate a profit) including cash, accounts receivable, inventories, equipment, and facilities.O O

Answer 331

Moving goods over water, then land, and then water again to the final point.L

Answer 332

The only supplier capable of meeting (usually technical) requirements for an item. See: single-source supplier.S

Answer 333

The compensation paid to workers whose activities are not related to a specific product.I

Answer 334

A company’s variable costs, which must be covered for a company to continue to stay in business.T

Answer 335

A set of programs of specific instructions for processing activities needed to compute specific tasks for computer users, as opposed to operating systems that control the computer’s internal operations. Examples are payroll, spreadsheets, and word processing programs. See: application software.A

Answer 336

Syn: field service.A

Answer 337

Sometimes used to describe those activities that support the production or distribution functions in any organization, such as customer service and field service.S

Answer 338

The enterprise directly involved in the execution of work.P

Answer 339

A price offering by one company that a buyer will consider along with price offerings from other companies.C

Answer 340

Syn: manufacturing lead time.M

Answer 341

Creating independence between supply and use of material. Commonly denotes providing inventory between operations so that fluctuations in the production rate of the supplying operation do not constrain production or use rates of the next operation.D

Answer 342

A document containing a list of goods with shipping instructions related to a shipment.W

Answer 343

The branches of a cause and effect (fishbone) diagram: manpower, methods, materials, machines, and measurements.F

Answer 344

A set of people who are interviewed together for the purpose of collecting marketing data.F

Answer 345

Dissimilar machines grouped together into a production unit to produce a family of parts having similar routings.W

Answer 346

The integration of the total manufacturing organization through the use of computer systems and managerial philosophies that improve the organization’s effectiveness; the application of a computer to bridge various computerized systems and connect them into a coherent, integrated whole. For example, budgets, CAD/CAM, process controls, group technology systems, MRP II, and financial reporting systems are linked and interfaced.C

Answer 347

Control of activities to eliminate waste, improve cost drivers, and plan operations. This process should affect the organization’s setting of strategy. Factors such as product pricing, introduction of new products, and distribution of existing products are examples of strategic decisions that are affected by cost management.C

Answer 348

A strategy based on multi-use equipment, skilled workers, and innovative senior managers to accommodate the continuous change that occurs in the marketplace.F

Answer 349

An inventory record transaction that records the receipt or arrival of inventory into physical stores by increasing the inventory on-hand balance by the received quantity. Often associated with receipt of a purchase or production order quantity.I

Answer 350

A service system that contains a high level of customer involvement in part of the service delivery.C

Answer 351

1) Certification from The Institute for Supply Management (ISM), formerly NAPM. This is no longer being tested (C.P.M.). 2) Certification from the American Purchasing Society (CPM).C

Answer 352

Equipment that picks up parts from one station on an assembly line and places them on the next.P

Answer 353

A not-for-profit worldwide organization of logistics and supply chain managers. It provides educational opportunities through a variety of activities.C

Answer 354

The objects that are linked to an activity that consumes resources at a specified rate. For example, a resource driver is a purchase order (the object) that when placed (the activity) consumes hours (the rate) of purchasing (the resource).R

Answer 355

A calculation based on the available-to-promise (ATP) figure in the master schedule. Two methods of computing the cumulative available-to-promise are used, with and without lookahead calculation. The cumulative with look-ahead ATP equals the ATP from the previous period plus the MPS of the period minus the backlog of the period minus the sum of the differences between the backlogs and MPSs of all future periods until, but not to include, the period where point production exceeds the backlogs. The cumulative without look-ahead procedure equals the ATP in the previous period plus the MPS, minus the backlog in the period being considered. See: available-topromise. C

Answer 356

Within computer programming, the use of coding techniques and tools that reflect the concept of viewing the business environment as a set of elements (or objects) with associated properties (e.g., data, data manipulation/actions, inheritance). The objects encapsulate, through data and functions, the properties of the business that are of interest.O

Answer 357

In activity-based cost accounting, an aggregation of resources assigned to activities or activities assigned to cost objects. Items may be aggregated or disaggregated depending on how the data are to be used.C

Answer 358

A form of target marketing in which the type and time of communications are determined by the customer. Syn: permission marketing.R

Answer 359

The characteristic of equipment design and installation that provides the ability for the equipment to be repaired easily and efficiently. See: serviceability.M M maintenance, repair, and operating (MRO) supplies Items used in support of general operations and maintenance such as maintenance supplies, spare parts, and consumables used in the manufacturing process and supporting operations.M

Answer 360

Work that is actually in a department ready to be worked on as opposed to scheduled work that may not yet be physically on hand. Syn: live load.A

Answer 361

Data that have been interpreted and that meet the need of one or more managers.I

Answer 362

Development of a schedule of start and completion times of planned operations for a manufacturing order by calculation of the lead time. The calculation includes the duration of all operations, interoperation times, and order administration times. See: back scheduling, central point scheduling, forward scheduling, probable scheduling.L

Answer 363

Software running on a web-accessed computer that facilitates electronic discussions by emailing submissions from one member to all other members of the discussion group. Syn: listserv.L

Answer 364

A procedure used in some process industries for building process train schedules that start at an initial stage and work toward the terminal process stages. This procedure is effective for scheduling where several bottleneck stages may exist. Detailed scheduling is done at each bottleneck stage.M

Answer 365

The established or accepted amount by which the normal time for an operation is increased within an area, plant, or industry to compensate for the usual amount of personal, fatigue, and unavoidable delay times.S

Answer 366

Physically moving material from the packing area to a staging area, based on a prescribed set of instructions related to a particular outbound vehicle or delivery route, often for shipment consolidation purposes.S

Answer 367

Syn: batch processing.B

Answer 368

Generally, a material item that is used as a component and is not an assembly, subassembly, blend, intermediate, etc.P

Answer 369

The exchange of data between computers without reentry of data.A A

Answer 370

A control chart for evaluating the stability of a process in terms of a quality score. The quality score is the weighted sum of the count of events of various classifications, where each classification is assigned a weight. Syn: quality chart, quality score chart.Q

Answer 371

A financial statement showing the net income for a business over a given period of time. See: balance sheet, funds flow statement.I

Answer 372

An order in which the “seven Rs” are satisfied: the right product, the right quantity, the right condition, the right place, the right time, the right customer, the right cost.P

Answer 373

An expert worker who makes the rounds of workstations and provides assistance, as needed. The waterspider knows all processes well enough to take over if needed. At Toyota, this position is a prerequisite to supervision and management positions.W

Answer 374

An addition to hypertext to include sound, pictures, or music.H

Answer 375

A long-range plan that is used to determine timing and quantity of total future production for a family of products. Syn: long-term production plan.A

Answer 376

In lean manufacturing, costs are reduced by reducing waste within a system. There are

Answer 377

1) The degree to which an employee or group applies skill and effort to an operation or task as measured against an established standard. 2) One of the eight dimensions of quality that refers to product attributes pertaining to the functioning of a product (e.g., horsepower, signal-to-noise ratio, decibel output).P

Answer 378

The recipient (person or department) of another person’s or department’s output (good, service, or information) within an organization. See: customer, external customer.I

Answer 379

A division of durable goods for items intended for consumer use, such as refrigerators, as opposed to industrial goods, such as fork lifts. See: durable goods.C

Answer 380

A business strategy in which a company outsources certain products and services from another company. The company prefers to concentrate on its core business rather than expending resources on the outsourced item.S

Answer 381

The ability to do rough-cut capacity planning using a simulated master production schedule or material plan rather than live data.C

Answer 382

A market in which most or all buyers consist of agencies of federal, state, or local governments. See: consumer market, industrial market, institutional market.G

Answer 383

Syn: projected available balance.P

Answer 384

1) Any element or factor that prevents a system from achieving a higher level of performance with respect to its goal. Constraints can be physical, such as a machine center or lack of material, but they can also be managerial, such as a policy or procedure. 2) One of a set of equations that cannot be violated in an optimization procedure.C

Answer 385

A manufacturing or service unit consisting of a number of workstations and the materials transport mechanisms and storage buffers that interconnect them.C

Answer 386

The discipline of designing and improving the manufacturing equipment and production process to support the manufacture of a product line. See: manufacturing engineering.P

Answer 387

The process of physically mixing two or more lots or types of material to produce a homogeneous lot. Blends normally receive new identification and require testing.B

Answer 388

The portion of sales and operations planning that defines executive decision-making processes to balance supply and demand at the volume level in families, fully integrates financial planning and operational planning, and that provides a forum for establishing and linking high-level strategic plans with day-to-day operations. See: sales and operations planning.E

Answer 389

A modeling technique using simultaneous equations (e.g., the establishment of aggregate workforce levels) based upon minimizing the total cost of hiring, firing, holding inventory, backorders, payroll, overtime, and undertime.L

Answer 390

In a min-max inventory system, the equivalent of the maximum. The target inventory is equal to the order point plus a variable order quantity. It is often called an order-up-to inventory level and is used in a periodic review system. Syn: order-up-to level.T

Answer 391

A choice that must be made by the customer or company when customizing the end product. In many companies, the term option means a mandatory choice from a limited selection. See: feature.O

Answer 392

Hazardous material defined by environmental laws and legal precedents. A product has been defined as hazardous by regulations that impose stiff fines if the regulations are ignored.H

Answer 393

The port where cargo is loaded onto an exporting vessel.L

Answer 394

Syn: manual rescheduling.P P

Answer 395

An imperfection that is severe enough to be noticed but should not cause any real impairment with respect to intended normal or reasonably foreseeable use. See: defect, imperfection, nonconformity.B

Answer 396

1) Abbreviation for initial public offering. 2) Abbreviation for international procurement office.I

Answer 397

Those inventory items that cannot be effectively controlled by algorithms because of age (new or obsolete product) or management decision (promotional product).J

Answer 398

The concept of satisfying customers to create shareholder wealth.V

Answer 399

A Japanese word meaning shop floor.G

Answer 400

Tools that help organizations understand their processes to improve them. The tools are the cause-and-effect diagram (also known as the fishbone diagram or the Ishikawa diagram), check sheet, flowchart, histogram, Pareto chart, control chart, and scatter diagram. Syn: seven tools of quality. See: seven new tools of quality.B

Answer 401

A warehouse location that is determined by both a product’s ABC classification and by the frequency with which it is removed or replaced.A

Answer 402

The direct costs actually incurred in, and the indirect costs applied to, accomplishing work performed within a given time period. These costs should reconcile with the contractor’s incurred-cost ledgers, which are regularly audited by the client.A

Answer 403

Syn: economic order quantity.M

Answer 404

Considering all cost impacts, rather than just one cost impact, on customer service improvement.T

Answer 405

An online marketplace connecting buyers and sellers within the same industry. It enables lower prices by lowering transaction costs.V

Answer 406

Outside firms providing transportation of goods.T

Answer 407

Abbreviation for logistics data interchange.L

Answer 408

The grouping of shipments to obtain reduced costs or improved utilization of the transportation function. Consolidation can occur by market area grouping, grouping according to scheduled deliveries, or using third-party pooling services such as public warehouses and freight forwarders.F

Answer 409

A replenishment strategy in which the supplier prepares shipments at predetermined intervals and varies the quantity based on recent sales data. Sales data may be supplied via a point-of-sale system. See: continuous replenishment.R

Answer 410

The process of developing econometric models. See: econometric model.E

Answer 411

1) Items released from an inventory location for use or sale. 2) The inventory record transaction reducing the inventory balance by the amount released.I

Answer 412

Management of the release of work to a work center or production facility.I

Answer 413

Latin for at first sight or on the face of it. Something is presumed to be true.P

Answer 414

Not adding capacity until the firm is operating at or beyond full capacity. This keeps unit costs minimized by working at full capacity, but does not satisfy total demand.L

Answer 415

A graph displaying the sequence of operations needed to produce and deliver a product or service.V

Answer 416

Inventory decision making for all stockkeeping units exercised from one office or department for an entire company.C

Answer 417

A string of 8 bits used to represent a single character in a computer code.B C

Answer 418

A metric that permits a balanced evaluation

Answer 419

The way a customer moves through a website.C

Answer 420

Syn: supplier base.S

Answer 421

In financial management, the process of apportioning capital expenditures among prospective projects to conserve limited investment funds.C

Answer 422

Techniques such as market research, surveys, focus groups, and performance/cost modeling used to identify emerging technologies.D

Answer 423

The quantity shown in the inventory records as being physically in stock.O

Answer 424

A Japanese word meaning statement of objectives.H

Answer 425

A system of values, beliefs, and behaviors inherent in a company. To optimize business performance, top management must define and create the necessary culture.C

Answer 426

A designation that indicates that a company or operation does not have a union contract.U

Answer 427

In the theory of constraints, the amount of inventory required relative to the protective capacity in the system to achieve a specific throughput rate at the constraint. See: limiting operation.P

Answer 428

The person responsible for financial and managerial accounting within a company. Syn: comptroller.C

Answer 429

A system in which all purchasing decisions are made from a corporate purchasing office.C

Answer 430

A market in which many competitors offer undifferentiated products or services within a given geographical area. Competitors are forced to accept the market price for their product. See: industry structure types.P

Answer 431

The volume/mix of throughput on which financial budgets were set and overhead/burden absorption rates established.B

Answer 432

A method of displaying or printing output from an MRP system where requirements, scheduled receipts, projected balance, and so forth are displayed vertically. Vertical displays are often used in conjunction with bucketless systems. Ant: horizontal display.V

Answer 433

A purchase requisition designed for repetitive use. After a purchase order has been prepared for the goods requisitioned, the form is returned to the originator, who holds it until a repurchase of the goods is required. The name is derived from the repetitive travel between the originating and purchasing departments. Syn: traveling requisition.T

Answer 434

The probability that a particular value

Answer 435

A specific quantity of a part or product that is produced at one time.J

Answer 436

Generally, a small, independent, self-organized, and self-controlling group in which members flexibly plan, organize, determine, and manage their duties and actions, as well as perform many other supportive functions. It may work without immediate supervision and can often have authority to select, hire, promote, or discharge its members.S

Answer 437

An entity which gives a lease.L

Answer 438

The pay and benefits given for services rendered to an organization.C

Answer 439

A time period, usually a week.B

Answer 440

Organization where groups of directors, executives, and managers with a C diversity of skills and backgrounds work on problems outside the bounds of their functional responsibilities. See: integrated enterprise.C

Answer 441

Tendency of a forecast to systematically miss the actual demand (consistently either high or low).F

Answer 442

The time necessary to move materials from one work center to the next work center. This time includes waiting for the materials handling equipment and actual movement time.M

Answer 443

Forecasting the demand for a particular good, component, or service.D

Answer 444

Syn: average chart.X

Answer 445

1) A measure (usually expressed as a percentage) of how intensively a resource is being used to produce a good or service. Utilization compares actual time used to available time. Traditionally, utilization is the ratio of direct time charged (run time plus setup time) to the clock time available. Utilization is a percentage between 0 percent and 100 percent that is equal to 100 percent minus the percentage of time lost due to the unavailability of machines, tools, workers, and so forth. See: efficiency, lost time factor, productivity. 2) In V the theory of constraints, activation of a resource that productively contributes to reaching the goal. Overactivation of a resource does not productively utilize a resource. See: available time.U V

Answer 446

A group of business processes that includes the following activities: demand management (which includes forecasting and order servicing); production and resource planning; and master scheduling (which includes the master schedule and the rough-cut capacity plan).M

Answer 447

A disciplined approach to the elimination of waste from products or processes through an investigative process that focuses on the functions to be performed and whether such functions add value to the good or service.V

Answer 448

A variant of job rotation in which a separate work area is set up for a trainee so that the actual work situation does not pressure the trainee. Examples are cockpit simulators and other machine simulators. V

Answer 449

The number of items that need to be run and sent ahead to the following operation before the following “overlap” operation can begin. Syn: offset quantity. See: process batch, transfer batch.O

Answer 450

A market in which only one firm provides a particular product or service within a given area. The monopoly may be regulated or unregulated. See: industry structure types.P

Answer 451

A rate structure in which a shipping rate increases as the distance shipped increases, but the increases are not directly correlated to the increase in the distance shipped.T

Answer 452

A computer system designed to assist managers in selecting and evaluating courses of action by providing a logical, usually quantitative, analysis of the relevant factors.D

Answer 453

A measurement equivalent to 40 cubic feet. It is a factor in water transportation ratesetting. M

Answer 454

Two terms that have many interpretations because of the multiple definitions for the words “assurance” and “control.” For example, “assurance” can mean the act of giving confidence, the state of being certain, or the act of making certain; “control” can mean an evaluation to indicate needed corrective responses, the act of guiding, or the state of a process in which the variability is attributable to a constant system of chance causes. One definition of quality assurance is all the planned and systematic activities implemented within the quality system that can be demonstrated to provide confidence that a good or service will fulfill requirements for quality. One definition for quality control is the operational techniques and activities used to fulfill requirements for quality. Often, however, quality assurance and quality control are used interchangeably, referring to the actions performed to ensure the quality of a good, service, or process. See: quality control.Q

Answer 455

A type of stock entitling the owner to dividends before common stockholders are entitled to them.P

Answer 456

An operating cost that varies directly with a change of one unit in the production volume (e.g., direct materials consumed, sales commissions).V

Answer 457

Coordinating the lot sizing and order release decision for related items and treating them K as a family of items. The objective is to achieve lower costs because of ordering, setup, shipping, and quantity discount economies. This term applies equally to joint ordering (family contracts) and to composite part (group technology) fabrication scheduling. Syn: joint replenishment system.J

Answer 458

Inventory created by the canceling or rescheduling of an order or left over because of lot sizing.R

Answer 459

The portion of the production capability that cannot be attained. This is typically caused by factors such as equipment unavailability, suboptimal scheduling, or resource limitations.U

Answer 460

An order filled, not by moving material through production as an integral lot, but by production made over time and checked by a cumulative count until the flow order quantity is complete.F

Answer 461

the confidence limits.C

Answer 462

The approach taken in setting the overall manufacturing output to meet customer demand by setting production levels, inventory levels, and backlog. Companies can use a chase, level, or hybrid production planning method. See: chase production method, hybrid production method, level production method.P

Answer 463

In the theory of constraints, a logic-based tool for identifying and sequencing actions in accomplishing an objective. The transitions represent the states or stages in moving from the present situation to the desired objective.T

Answer 464

A statement of on-hand quantities or the dollar value of a SKU at the end of a period, often determined by a physical inventory.E

Answer 465

Property that, because of its worn, damaged, deteriorated, or incomplete condition or specialized nature has no reasonable prospect of sale or use as serviceable property without major repairs or alterations, but that has some value in excess of its scrap value.S

Answer 466

Authorization to receive goods, such as a blanket release, firm purchase order item, or supplier schedule. Open-to-receive represents near-term impact on inventory, and is often monitored as a control technique in aggregate inventory management. The total of open-to-receive, other longer term purchase commitments, and open-to-buy represents the material and services cash exposure of the company.O

Answer 467

A computer record or manual document on which each inventory transaction is posted so that a current record of the inventory is maintained.P P

Answer 468

Acronym for just in time.J

Answer 469

Companies that ship goods in their own vehicles. Many large retailers are shipper-carriers as they own their own fleets.S

Answer 470

Stand-alone pockets of automation (e.g., robots, CAD/CAM systems, numerical control machines) that are not connected into a cohesive system.I

Answer 471

Abbreviation for seven new tools of quality.N

Answer 472

A method of forecasting where time series data are separated into up to three components: trend, seasonal, and cyclical; where trend includes the general horizontal upward or downward movement over time; seasonal includes a recurring demand pattern such as day of the week, weekly, monthly, or quarterly; and cyclical includes any repeating, nonseasonal pattern. A fourth component is random, that is, data with no pattern. The new forecast is made by projecting the patterns individually determined and then combining them. See: cyclical component, random component, seasonal component, trend component.D

Answer 473

Syn: order promising.C

Answer 474

Earnings before interest and taxes divided by sales.O