Apicomplexa Flashcards
The Eimeria (Coccidiosis) egg within the faeces has the appearance of ___ sporocysts with ____ sporozoites in each.
4 sporocysts 2 sporozoites in each
Describe the basic lifecycle of Eimeri:
- A sporulated Oocyst enters the host and released sporozoites in the gut 2. Sporozoites invade the gut cells to become trophozoites (a growing stage where the parasite is absorbing nutrients from the host) 3. Then becomes a shizont (this is where it will undergo multiple fission) (merogony) 4. Merozoites differentiate into male and female gametes 5. Then form an Oocyst that is shed in faeces 6. When it is first shed it is not contagious however it will become contagious when it undergoes sporulation
What site does Eimeria occupy?
small intestine
What is are the two parasites that lead to Coccidiosis?
Eimeria and Cystioisospora
What are the clinical signs of bovine Coccidiosis?
dark faecal soiling on hindquarters
Describe the Oocyst appearance of Cystioisospora:
Two sporocysts each with four sprorozoites
Describe the appearance of the toxoplasma gondii cyst:
The oocyst represents those of cystiospora (however much smaller- two sporocysts each with four sporozoites)
Describe the life cycle stages of toxoplasma gondii:
- Toxoplasma is ingested as oocytes by foraging animals consuming cat shit 2. The oocyst releases sporozoites , these then differentiate into tachyzoites 3. The tachyzoites invade an replicate in cells 4. Tachyzoites differentiate into in tissue cysts (Bradyzoites) 5. Bradyzoites are consumed by the cat 6. Bradyzoites differentiate into gametocytes 7. Zygotes form Oocysts excreted in the faeces - Oocyst is then consumed by foraging animals
What is the intermediate host in Neospora Caninum?
- Canids are definitive host - Cattle are intermediate host
Fill in the blank The trypanosoma parasite had a _______ at the base of its flagellum in its Trypomastigote form
Kinetoplast DNA
Name the three life stages of the trypanosoma parasite and where they are normally found within the host:
Mammals: Trypomastigote and amistigote form Insects: epimastigote (metacyclic tropomastigote)
How are stercorarian trypansomes normally transmitted to the definitive host (be specific)
The faeces of the insect and the scratching of the bite site by the host
What is a fatal condition that can arise as a result of infection from T.cruzi?
Cardiac failure
What are the two main life cycle stages of Leishmania?
Promastigote- insect form Amastigote- mammalian form
What type of cell does Leishmania usually affect?
Macrophages
What is the main vector of the leishmania? & what life cycle stage does it occupy when it is in this host)
Sandfly (promastigote form)
What is the the main parasite reservoir for cutaneous leishmaniasis?
Doggies
How many life stages do the parasites trichomonas and tritrichomonas normally have? Why is this?
1 life stage- flagellate (only requires this singular life cycle because it is always in a comfortable environment. Generally transmitted by sex or oral contact)
What is the typical region that the trichomonas and tritrichomonas occupy?
Generally occupy the gut and the urogenital tract
“Blackhead disease” is a condition where extensive and sever necrosis of the liver occurs what parasite is typically responsible for this condition?
Histomonas
What are three life style stages of Histomonas?
• Amoedboid form- intestinal lumen • Tissue form- singular or in clusters (flagellum is absent • Luminal form 1-2 flagella
What is the tissue location of Histomonas?
caeca and the liver
Complete the following statement about the life cycle stages of Giardia: In the faces giardia remains in a ___(1)___ stage. Once consumed this stage undergoes a process called __(2)____, it is now a flagellate. The giardia flagella has a ___(3)__ shape, with __(4)___ pairs of flagella. When it is excreted in the faeces it will undergo a process known as ____(5)____.
- cyst 2. Excystation 3. Pyriform or pear shape 4. 4 5. Encystation
What part of the small intestine does the giardia parasite occupy?
Duodenum
What are the two life cycle stages of Entamoeba?
Trophozoite- Rounded with a single nucleus Cyst- smaller and contains four nuclei (form in the faeces)
What is the phylum of Eimeria?
Apicomplexa
Describe the appearance of the Eimeria cyst:
Four sporocysts each containing 2 sporozoites
What site does Eimeria occupy?
Small intestine
Describe the appearance of the Cystioisospora parasite:
Two sporocysts (each with four sporozoites each)
What site does Cystioisospora occupy
Large intestine
What are the three life stages of toxoplasma gondii?
Tachyzoite- rapidly growing form Bradyzoite- slowing growing in tissue cyst- thought to be a response from the immune system Sporozoites- in tissue cysts
What is the definitive host of toxoplasma gondii? How are they infected
Cat- consuming animal tissue in the process eating bradyzoites
What is the intermediate host of the toxoplasma gondii? How are they infected
Mammals- eating stuff contaminated with cat shit
Describe the difference between the cysts of toxoplasma gondii and Cystioisospora:
Both contain two sporocysts (each with four sporozoites), however T.gondii much rounder and smaller
What are the definitive and intermediate hosts of neospora caninum?
Definitive- Canids Intermediate- Cattle
What is the effect of neospora caninum in cattle?
causes abortion
How many sporozoites are in the are the Oocyte of sarcocystis?
4 sporozoites
What is the intermediate host of sarcocystis?
sheep and goats
What is the definitive host of sarcocystis?
Dogs and cats
Where site does sarcocystis occupy in the body?
Body tissues: - 1st generation meronts - arteriole endothelial cells - 3rd generation meronts- tissue cysts in striated muscle
Describe the appearance of cryptosporidium:
Four naked sporozoites
Is the life cycle of cryptosporidium direct or indirect?
Direct
What tissue location does cryptosporidium occupy?
Brush border of enterocytes
What type of parasite is P. malariae? What location does it occupy?
Plasmodium parasite. Blood
Describe the microscopic appearance of babesia-babesiosis?
Pair of pear shaped organisms jointed at their apex
What vector is involved in babesia-babesiosis?
Tick
Where does gamogony (gamete) differentiation and zygote formation occur in the life cycle of babesia-babesiosis?
Tick intestinal cells
When does gamogony occur in the lifecycle of babesia-babesiosis?
Occurs at each larvae stage (transtadial transmission)
In the life cycle of Babesia-babesiosis, the parasite in transmitted in the eggs of tick what is the name for this mechanisms of transmission?
Trans-ovarial transmission
Theileria and Babesia- babesiosis are very similar in their life cycle. However, they do differ in three main ways- state these:
- Babesia only multiplies in the erythrocytes of the vertebrate host 2. Theileria is transovarially transmitted in the vector host 3. Theileria first multiplies in the lymphocytes and then in the erythrocytes
What site does the Klossiella parasite occupy?
Kidney
Where are second generation meronts of Klossiella found?
Proximal convoluted tubules
Where do gametogenous stages occur for this parasite?
Loop of Henle
How is Klossiella parasite typically transmitted?
Normally transmitted in urine
What type of tissue does the Hepatozoon parasite normally infect?
Rapidly dividing tissues (ie. spleen, bone marrow, leucocytes of dogs)
Describe the shape of a Hepatozoon meront:
Wheel spoke shape
How are gametes formed for the Hepatozoon parasite?
Microzoite invading a neutrophil. It then differentiates into a gamate
What is the morphology of the division microsporea?
- Resistant, thick walled - Polar filaments - Spores typically contain one or more sporoplasms
What are the two hosts of the class myxozoa?
Fish and an annelid worm
When referring to apicomplexan lifecycles, what is meant by the term monoxenous?
Asexual and sexual lifecycles - single host
When referring to apicomplexan lifecycles, what is meant by the term Heteroxenous?
parasite is able to replicate asexually within intermediate host- whereas sexual development is limited to definitive host
Name a feature that is common to all members of the order kinetoplastida:
All members contain a kinetoplast situated at the base of the flagellum
A) Name the order + the family of the parasite below
B) State a feature that allowed you to make this decision
A) Order Kinetoplasdida, Family Trypanosomatidae
B) Either say extracellular or the presence of a kinetoplast
Name the condition below and state the parasitic that caused it (the specific species)
Visceral Leishmaniasis. Cuased by L.infantum
A.) Name the parasite that is depicted in the image below. Give two features that allowed for this conclusion to be made.
B.) What would the cycst stage of this parasite look like?
A.) Giardia. 4 pairs of flagella. Pear-shaped
B.) Cyst would contain four nuclei
On the left is trophozoite form of the parasite and on the right is a cyst form:
A.) Idenitfy this parasite
B.) State a feature that allowed you to acheive this diagnosis
A.) Entamoeba
B) The cyst is smaller than the trophozoite and contains four nuclei
This is the cyst stage of a parasite:
A.) Name the parasite
B.) State the feature that allowed you to acheive this diagnosis
A.) Eimeria
B.) Four sporocysts, each containing two sporozoites
Below is an cyst of a parasite:
A.) Name it
B.) State the feature that allowed you to determine this
C.) Name a species that looks simmilar and state how you might distinguish between the two
Cystioisospora
Four sporocysts each with two sporozoites within them
Below is a slide of a parasite
A. Name a the parasite
B. Name a feature of this parasite that allowed you to acheive this diagnosis
A) Babesia-Babesiosis
B) Par shaped jointed in the middle
Below is an image of a histological image of a tissue maront:
A.) Name the parasite
B.) Name a feature of the parasite that allowed you to make this diagnosis
A) Hepatozoon parasite
B) Wheel spoke shape
