Apicals and Values

Question 1

Which TV valves are in A4C?

Answer 1

Anterior (right)
Septal (left)

Question 2

How are the MV leaflets in A4C?

Answer 2

AMVL (right)
PMVL (left)

Question 3

Simpson’s EF normals

Answer 3

Men: 52-72%
Women: 54-74%

Question 4

When is LA volume trace done?

Answer 4

A4C end-systole
A2C end-systole

Question 5

LAVI normal

Answer 5

</= 34ml/m^2

Question 6

What does PW through MV measure?

Answer 6

E wave
Decel time
A wave

Question 7

E wave normal, Decel time normal and E/A ratio

Answer 7

E: 0.6-1.3m/s
Decel time: 160-220ms
E/A ratio: 0.8-2.0

Question 8

E after __ and A after __.

Answer 8

E after T
A after P

Question 9

What is TDI of the MV annulus looking at? In which plane?

Answer 9

Looking at speed of annulus in the longitudinal plane.

Question 10

TDI lateral normal

Answer 10

e’ >/= 10cm/s

Question 11

TDI medial/septal normal

Answer 11

e’ >/= 7cm/s

Question 12

E/e’ normal

Answer 12

<8

Question 13

Which PV does the PW sample? What is the normal?

Answer 13

RUPV
S wave > D wave

Question 14

When is RVID measured?

Answer 14

End-diastole

Question 15

RVIDd base normal and mid normal

Answer 15

Base: <41mm
Mid: <35mm

Question 16

RAVI normals

Answer 16

Men: </=32ml/m^2
Women: </=27ml/m^2

Question 17

RA area normal

Answer 17

<18cm^2

Question 18

TAPSE normal

Answer 18

> /= 1.7cm

Question 19

RV TDI lateral normal

Answer 19

s’ > 9.5cm/s

Question 20

What does s’ measure? What does TAPSE measure?

Answer 20

s’ is how fast TV annulus moves towards apex in systole. TAPSE is how far TV annulus moves.

Question 21

Which doppler is used to assess LVOT in A5C and why?

Answer 21

PW- to evaluate for LVOT obstruction and obtain VTI for calculations.

Question 22

Which doppler is used to assess AV in A5C and why?

Answer 22

CW- to assess regurg and stenosis.

Question 23

Which AV leaflets are seen in A5C?

Answer 23

RCC (right)
NCC (left)

Question 24

LVOT VTI normal

Answer 24

peak velocity <1.5m/s

Question 25

AV VTI normal

Answer 25

peak velocity <1.7m/s

Question 26

AV VTI peak gradient normal

Answer 26

<10mmHg

Question 27

AV VTI mean gradient normal

Answer 27

<5mmHg

Question 28

AVA equation

Answer 28

= CSA (use LVOT) x VTI
—————————
VTI

Question 29

How are the MV leaflets in A2C?

Answer 29

PMVL (right)
AMVL (left)

Question 30

How are the AV leaflets in A3C?

Answer 30

NCC (right)
RCC (left)

Question 31

RV TDI lateral normal

Answer 31

s’ > 9.5cm/s