Apical Surgery Flashcards
https://case.edu/dental/sites/case.edu.dental/files/2021-10/Duan%20-%20Practical%20Steps%20in%20Endo%20Surgery.pptx.pdf
What is apical surgery also know as?
Endodontic surgery / root end surgery / apicoectomy
How would we deal with a perforation/resorption repair?
Open a flap and close with GIC
What is involved in a hemisection?
Cutting a tooth in half (PREMOLARISATION- cutting a molar to split it, making it look like 2 premolars)
What does trephination involve?
A hole in bone is made to release accumulated tissue exudate, increasing healing
What does decompression involve?
Placing a surgical drain to rid cystic fluid from a large lesion to shrink it
This makes a second surgery to remove granulation tissue much easier
What does intentional reimplantation involve?
Extracting a tooth as atraumatically as possible, root fill the tooth and reimplant it.
What is the difference between orthograde and retrograde?
Orthograde: Access the tooth through the crown
Retrograde: Access the tooth from root tip
How do we assess failed endodontics?
- Clinical and radiographic findings
- Patient factors: medical, cooperation, motivation, consent
- Oral factors: Maintenance, function, aesthetics, adjacent teeth
- Tooth factors: Coronal seal, quality of RCT, access to canal/root end/structures
How can we gauge whether an apex of a tooth is close to any nerves?
Take a CBCT scan
What affects success of Endodontic surgery?
Depends on tooth and operator experience
Lower success rates if pre treated edodontically
Coronal seal quality is VERY important
- None surgical treatment is better than surgical treatment - it is a final approach
What is apical surgery? IN SIMPLE TERMS
In simple terms:
1. Cleaning out tissue at the top of the tooth
2. Chop off tip from root
3. Put in filling material
4. Stitch up and wait for healing
Stages of apical surgery in detail?
- Identify region to be managed
- Determine flap design
- Once flap raised, identify lesion and apex. Then curettage of apical tissue (be sure to send for biopsy as occasionally apical infection can be cancer)
- Root end resection - tip of root with abnormal anatomy removed with high speed surgical handpiece
- Root end filling materials- instrumentation
- Would closure
- Post-op care and review
What do we do if there is bone impeding access to the apical part of tooth?
We do an osteoectomy to remove the bone.
Often there will be a fenestration in the bone (resorbed cortical plate) to guide where to widen the it.
Must use plenty of irrigation to reduce heat generation, preventing bone necrosis
What factors must we compromise between in flap design?
- Access
- Vision
- Recession (hence why we usually extend flap to roughly the teeth either side)
What factors affect flap design?
- Size and site of lesion - must not incise over lesion
- Presence of crowns/veneers - risk of recession
- Depth of sulcus/vestibule
- Presence of frena/bony prominences/thin tissue biotypes/muscle attachments (cutting through it can cause muscle weakness)
Types of flap designs?
- Full muco-periosteal flaps - from gingival margin to sulcus
-triangular: 2 sided flap - 1 vertical relieving incision (how we surgically extract teeth)
-rectangular: two vertical relieving incisions
-trapezoid: two angled vertical relieving incisions - Limited mucoperiosteal flaps
-submarginal AKA Ochsenbein–Luebke flap: Cut at junction between keratinised and non-keratinised tissue to minimise recession.
-papilla base: two vertical realising incisions connected by horizontal incision at papilla base (do over submarginal if lesion is larger)
SEE DIAGRAMS ON NOTES
Why would we use a full mucoperiosteal flap?
- Easy to reflect and reposition
- Easy access to lesion
- Good healing
BUT may lead to post-op recession so ideally leave 3mm of gingivae from margin.
Why would we use a limited mucoperiosteal flap?
- Avoids recession
- Easy reference points for reattachment
- Limited scarring
Why might a flap result in scarring?
If the suture to close it isn’t well done