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Anatomy and Physiology 101 > APHY 101 Ch. 4 Terms > Flashcards

APHY 101 Ch. 4 Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Function of Enzymes

A
  • To control rate of metabolic reactions

- Proteins that control the rates of chemical reactions

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2
Q

Three differences between DNA and RNA

A
  • DNA uses Deoxyribose; RNA uses Ribose
  • DNA is double-stranded; RNA is single-stranded
  • DNA uses thymine; RNA uses uracil.
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3
Q

Translation

A
  • adds amino acids to the growing polypeptide
  • occurs at the ribosome
  • involves tRNA and ribosomes
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4
Q

DNA Replication order of events

A
  1. Hydrogen bonds break between complementary bases
  2. DNA strands unwind to expose bases
  3. Complementary nucleotides pair up with exposed bases; hydrogen bonds form.
  4. Nucleotides of new DNA strand are enzymatically joined.
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5
Q

DNA Base Pairing

A

Adenine - Thymine

Cytosine - Guanine

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6
Q

Energy

A

The ability to do work

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7
Q

Metabolism

A

refers to all of the chemical reactions occurring in the body, involving the building up of and breaking down of molecules

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8
Q

Three examples of dehydration synthesis reactions:

A
  1. producing proteins from amino acids
  2. producing complex carbs from monosaccharides
  3. producing large nucleic acids from nucleotides
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9
Q

Deoxyribose

A

the type of nucleic acid that is in the form of a double helix

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10
Q

Codon

A

a three-base sequence in mRNA

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11
Q

Three items to describe glycogen

A
  1. Stored in the Liver
  2. A branching chain of glucose molecules
  3. An energy storage molecule
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12
Q

Cellular Respiration order pathways

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Citric Acid Cycle
  3. Electron Transport Chain
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13
Q

Three classes of organic molecules that can be metabolized to produce ATP

A
  • Lipid
  • Protein
  • Carbohydrate
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14
Q

At the molecular level, DNA and other nucleic acids consist of building blocks called:

A

Nucleotides

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15
Q

Transcription

A

The process of building mRNA from the genetic code (DNA Base Sequence)

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16
Q

Translation

A

The process of producing a protein based on the base-order of an mRNA.

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17
Q

Two items that describe aerobic respiration:

A
  • occurs in the mitochondria

- oxygen is required

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18
Q

ATP

A

The energy-carrying molecule that is produced by cellular respiration and used in metabolic reactions

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19
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Within cells, a metabolic process that occurs in which energy from molecules like glucose is released and made available for use by the cells.

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20
Q

The nucleotides forming DNA molecules consists of what three parts?

A
  1. Nitrogenous Base
  2. Deoxyribose Sugar
  3. Phosphate Group
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21
Q

During which phase of cellular respiration is that most ATP produced?

A

Aerobic pathway

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22
Q

This term refers to the process of synthesizing mRNA within the nucleus of a cell:

A

Transcription

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23
Q

Which three items describe translation?

A
  1. Occurs at the ribosome
  2. Involves tRNA and ribosomes
  3. Adds amino acids to the growing polypeptide
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24
Q

Genetic code

A

A system that enables nucleotides of DNA to code for the amino acid sequences of all proteins

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25
Q

What is the name of the part of an enzyme molecule that combines with its substrate?

A

Active Site

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26
Q

As blood glucose levels fall, stored molecules of ______ are catabolized, releasing glucose into the blood.

A

Glycogen

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27
Q

What is determined by the order of nitrogenous bases along a segment of DNA (a gene)?

A

The order of amino acids in a protein

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28
Q

Any chance in the structure of a chromosome or a DNA molecule, often ruling in a change of a structure or function in the protein produced, is known as _________

A

mutation

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29
Q

Organelles called ________ are composed of rRNA and proteins.

A

Ribosomes

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30
Q

The “genetic code” is contained within the nucleotide sequences of what type of organic molecule?

A

DNA

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31
Q

The first set of reactions that occurs during cellular respiration is called ________.

A

glycolysis

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32
Q

At one end of each tRNA there is a sequence of three nucleotides known as the _______; this sequence is complementary to the bases on mRNA

A

anticodon

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33
Q

Enzymes are able to interact only with a particular type of molecule, called its _______.

A

substrate

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34
Q

List the tree end products of cellular respiration:

A
  1. Water
  2. Energy
  3. Carbon dioxide
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35
Q

Light

A

Detected by a sense of vision

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36
Q

Sound

A

Detected by a sense of hearing

37
Q

Mechanical energy

A

Used to produce muscle movements

38
Q

Chemical energy

A

Stored within bonds of ATP molecules

39
Q

What is the fate of electrons released during the citric acid cycle and carried by NADH and FADH2 Molecules?

A

They enter the electron transport chain

40
Q

In order for cellular respiration to occur, glucose and _________ are required.

41
Q

How is ATP related to the reactions of cellular respiration?

A

ATP is produced using energy released during cellular respiration

42
Q

The production of copies of DNA that occurs during interphase of the cell cycle is called _________.

A

DNA replication

43
Q

How many nucleotide chains are found in a DNA molecule?

44
Q

What kind of RNA carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm?

45
Q

Is energy store or is it released during the conversion of ADP to ATP?

A

Energy is stored as ADP is converted to ATP

46
Q

Three statements that describe enzymes:

A
  1. Enzymes are specific for a particular substrate
  2. Enzymes are not consumed in the reaction they catalyze
  3. Enzymes speed up reaction rates by lowering the activation energy of a specific reaction
47
Q

The anabolism of glycerol and three fatty acids produces a fat molecule that is specifically known as a ______.

A

triglyceride

48
Q

What is produced by the process of DNA replication?

A

Two complete DNA molecules; each with one old strand and one new strand.

49
Q

In cellular respiration, the specific metabolic pathway, or series of reactions, in which a molecule of glucose is broken down to two molecules of pyruvic acid is called ________.

A

Glycolysis

50
Q

List two characteristics of anaerobic respiration.

A
  1. Does not require Oxygen

2. Occurs in the cytoplasm

51
Q

When a chemical bond is broken, ______ is released.

52
Q

Each codon on mRNA is complementary to the anticodon on a molecule of _______.

53
Q

What occurs during the process of transcription?

A

DNA is copied to produce RNA

54
Q

While DNA is housed in the ________ of a cell, protein synthesis (based on genetic code) occurs in the ______ of a cell.

A

Nucleus; cytoplasm

55
Q

Three statements that are true of aerobic reactions of cellular respiration:

A
  1. Reactions occur in the mitochondria
  2. Reactions are oxygen dependent
  3. A product is ATP
56
Q

Which two molecules are the carriers of high-energy electrons?

A

FAD and NAD

57
Q

Glycolysis yields a net of ____ ATP molecules.

58
Q

A gene is a part of the genome that codes for one ______.

59
Q

Three things to describe a codon:

A
  1. a three base sequence of mRNA
  2. Complementary to an anticodon
  3. Code for an amino acid or as a “stop” signal
60
Q

What energy-carrying molecule is produced by cellular respiration and used in metabolic reactions?

61
Q

Which statement describes an enzyme?

A

It acts on only a specific type of molecule.

62
Q

The following molecule carries genetic instructions from the nucleus to the ribosome for translation:

63
Q

In joining two molecules by dehydration synthesis, a ______ group is removed from one molecules and a ______ from the other; a new chemical bond then forms between the molecules.

A
  • Hydrogen

- Hydroxyl

64
Q

What term encompasses all chemical reactions that occur in the body, including those that obtain and use energy?

A

Metabolism

65
Q

Sequence of events during an enzyme-catalyzed reaction:

A
  1. Substrate binds to active site on enzyme
  2. Chemical bonds within substrate are altered, reducing energy needed for reaction to occur
  3. reaction occurs, resulting in formation of product
  4. product is released from active site
66
Q

During a dehydration synthesis reaction, a hydrogen atom is removed from one molecule and a hydroxyl group is removed from the other, allowing formation of a new chemical bond. These released particles will then react to form _________, a byproduct of this type of reaction.

67
Q

What is the name of the phase of protein synthesis in which the amino acids are assembled into a polypeptide chain?

A

Translation

68
Q

A genetic mutation occurs due to the addition, subtraction, or exchange of ________ in the gene’s DNA sequence.

A

Nucleotides

69
Q

A series of chemical reactions called _______ pathways are enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in a specific sequence.

70
Q

The process of protein synthesis occurs in which part of a call?

71
Q

What occurs during the process of translation?

A

Assembly of a polypeptide chain

72
Q

Following cell division, each newly formed cell needs to have the same genetic information (DNA) as the original cell. What process allows this to happen?

A

DNA Replication

73
Q

Which one of the three phases of cellular respiration occurs in the cytosol?

A

Glycolysis

74
Q

What three factors can denature an enzyme?

A
  1. Extremes in pH
  2. Heat
  3. Radiation
75
Q

Phosphorylation is the process of adding a ______ to a molecule such as ADP.

76
Q

Name the 2-carbon molecule that is formed during cellular respiration

A

Acetyl CoA

77
Q

The final electron acceptor (carrier) for the aerobic respiration pathway is ________.

78
Q

ATP can be formed from ADP by the addition of energy and a third _______.

79
Q

Each molecule of ______ binds to a specific amino acid

80
Q

Which process within the cellular respiration pathway is anaerobic?

A

Glycolysis

81
Q

What type of reaction is anabolic?

A

Dehydration Synthesis

82
Q

What is the consequence of having only 20 amino acids when there are 64 possible codons?

A

Some amino acids are associated with more than one codon

83
Q

During the anaerobic phase of the breakdown of glucose, pyruvic acid is converted to _______ in the absence of oxygen.

A

lactic acid

84
Q

The process of dehydration synthesis can build ______ by connecting amino acids.

85
Q

In a specific type of chemical reaction called ______ reaction, water is used to break down large polymers such as carbs, proteins, and triglycerides into their subunits.

A

hydrolysis

86
Q

Steps of translation:

A
  1. The ribosome binds mRNA
  2. a tRNA anticodon binds to a complementary mRNA codon
  3. A new amino acid is linked to the growing peptide chain
  4. The tRNA is released from the ribosome and is now available to pick up another amino acid
87
Q

The chemical bond that forms between two amino acids following dehydration synthesis is called a _______ bond.

88
Q

What describes a catabolic reaction?

A

Large protein molecules are broken down into smaller amino acids during digestion.

Catabolic reactions are decomposition reactions. Larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules and energy is released.

89
Q

The reaction called _______ is basically the opposite of dehydration synthesis.

A

Hydrolysis

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