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Anatomy and Physiology 101 > APHY 101 Ch. 3 Terms > Flashcards

APHY 101 Ch. 3 Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Micrometer

A

A unit of measurement that equals one thousandth of a millimeter and is symbolized μm

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2
Q

Differentiated cells

A

Cells with specialized characteristics that form from less specialized cells that divide and express specific genes.

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3
Q

Cell’s Major Parts

A
  1. Nucleus (enclosed by the nuclear envelope)
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Cell Membrane
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4
Q

Nucleus

A

Contain genetic material (DNA) which directs the cell’s functions

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5
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Found within the cell membrane; the protoplasm within a living cell that surrounds the nucleus.

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6
Q

Cytosol

A

The aqueous component of the cytoplasm of a cell, within which various organelles and particles are suspended.

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7
Q

Cytosol Organelles

A

The cytosol and organelles together compose the cell’s cytoplasm. Most organelles are surrounded by a lipid membrane similar to the cell membrane of the cell.

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8
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Mainly composed of roughly equal numbers of lip and protein molecules, with fewer carbohydrates.

Extremely thin. Maintains cell’s integrity. Controls the entrance and exit of substances.

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9
Q

Selectively Permeable

A

A membrane that controls the entrance and sit of substances , allowing some in while excluding others.

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10
Q

Signal Transduction

A

A process in which the cell is able to receive and respond to incoming messages via the cell membrane and extracellular fluids.

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11
Q

Bilayer

A

The basic framework of the cell membrane that is a double layer of phospholipid molecules that self-assemble so that their hydrophilic, phosphate containing “heads”, form the intracellular and extracellular surfaces of the membrane while the hydrophobic, fatty acid containing “tails”, make up the middle portion of the cell membrane.

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12
Q

Membrane Proteins

A

Provide specialized functions. They are classified by shape, their positions within the phospholipid bilyarer, and function.

May be shaped like globs, rods, or fibers.

Based on position, may be considered as integral or peripheral.

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13
Q

Receptors

A

Transmembrane proteins that are tightly coiled rods. They bind to specific incoming molecules such as hormones, triggering responses from within the cell.

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14
Q

Integral Protein

A

Extends into the lipid bilayer and may protrude from one or both sides.

Form pores, channels, and carries in the cell membrane; transduce signals.

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15
Q

Transmembrane Protein

A

An integral protein that extends through both sides of the lipid bilayer.

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16
Q

Peripheral Protein

A

Associate with one side of the lipid bilayer, from an outside attachment rather than being embedded within it.

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17
Q

Receptor Protein

A

Peripheral.

Respond to extracellular signals.

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18
Q

Cell Surface Proteins

A

Establish self

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19
Q

Cellular Adhesion Molecules

A

Enable cells to stick to each other, guide cells on the move.

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20
Q

Selectin

A

A type of cellular adhesion molecule that coats the white blood cell and provides traction to slow down.

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21
Q

Integrin

A

A type of cellular adhesion molecule that contacts and adhesion receptor protein protruding into the capillary cell membrane, grabbing the passing slowed white blood cell and directing it between the tile like cells of the capillary wall.

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22
Q

Inclusion

A

Chemicals found with the cytoplasm temporarily. These include stored nutrients (ie; glycogen and lipids), and pigments (ie; melanin).

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23
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Protein rods and tubules that form a supportive framework in the cytoplasm.

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24
Q

Characteristics of vesicles

A
  • contains substances that have just entered the cell
  • contain substances that have been produced by other organelles
  • are membranous sacs
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25
Q

Cellular energy

A

the source of energy for active transport mechanisms

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26
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • Tiny, spherical structures composed of protein and RNA
  • They provide structural support and enzymatic activity to like amino acids to synthesize proteins
  • Scattered in the cytoplasm and bound to the endoplasmic reticulum
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27
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • A complex organelle composed of membranous flattened-sacs, cylinders and fluid-filled bubble like sacs called vesicles that are interconnected and interact with the cell membrane, nuclear envelope and certain other organelles.
  • Widespread in the cytoplasm; providing tubular transport for molecules throughout the cell
  • Parts participate in the synthesis of protein and lips molecules
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28
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • Part of the ER where the outer surface is studded with many ribosomes that provide a textured appearance to the organelle.
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29
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • Part of the ER where the surface lacks ribosomes; it appears more cylindrical.
  • Along this part of the ER are enzymes that are important in synthesizing lipids, absorbing fats from the digestive tract, and breaking down certain drugs.
  • Especially abundant in liver cells to help break down alcohol and drugs
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30
Q

Vesicles

A
  • Membranous sacs that store or transport substances within a cell or between cells.
  • Vary in size and contents.
  • Larger: contain mostly water
  • Smaller: shuttle material from the rough ER to the Golgi as part of secretion
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31
Q

Vesicle Trafficking

A

The transport of substance into and out of the cells by fleets of vesicles

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32
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A
  • A stack of five to eight flattened, membranous sacs called cistern (stack of pancakes).
  • Refines, packages, and transports proteins synthesized in the rough ER
  • Glycoproteins pass from layer to layer through these stacks and may be chemically modified and packaged to move to the cell membrane – exocytosis
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33
Q

Diffusion

A

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lung

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34
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Movement of glucose through a cell membrane

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35
Q

Osmosis

A

Distilled water entering cell

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36
Q

Filtration

A

Water molecules leaving blood capillaries

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37
Q

Active Transport

A

Sodium potassium pump

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38
Q

Ribosome

A

Site of protein synthesis

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39
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Three parts:

  • Microfilament
  • Intermediate Filaments
  • Microtubule
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40
Q

Nucleus

A

Surrounded by an envelope and contains genetic material

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41
Q

Transport Mechanisms that are classified as Passive mechanisms

A
  • diffusion
  • facilitated diffusion
  • filtration
  • osmosis
42
Q

Components of the cell membrane

A
  • phospholipids
  • carbohydrates
  • cholesterol
  • proteins
43
Q

Proteins in the cell membrane

A

Function as: receptors, cell surface markers, transporters, channels, enzymes, and cellular adhesion molecules

44
Q

Filtration

A

The passive transport mechanism in which small solutes are forced through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure

45
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The process by which cells engulf solid particles from extracellular fluid

46
Q

Transport mechanism classified as active mechanisms

A
  • active transport
  • exocytosis
  • endocytosis
47
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Packages and modifies proteins for transport and secretion

48
Q

Four stages of mitosis

A

Prophase, Anaphase, Metaphase and Telophase

49
Q

Active transport

A

substances are moved across a membrane against the concentration gradient

50
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of molecules through the bilayer and down a concentration gradient

51
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane towards a solution with greater osmotic pressure

52
Q

Endocytosis

A
  • The process of the cell taking particles in with use of a vesicle
  • The type of active transport mechanism in which large molecules or particles are conveyed by a vesicle into the cell
53
Q

Exocytosis

A

The process of the cell releasing contents from a vesicle to outside the cell

54
Q

Active Transport

A

Movement of molecules against the concentration gradient with the use of a protein pump

55
Q

Flagella

A
  • Longer
  • Function to move the cell in the body
  • Usually only one
56
Q

Cilia

A
  • Shorter
  • Function to move substance across the cell surface
  • Multiple on one cell
57
Q

Concentration gradient

A

Refers to the difference in concentration between two regions

58
Q

Characteristics of the ER

A
  • provides attachment for ribosomes
  • functions in the synthesis of proteins
  • function in the synthesis of lips
  • composed of membranous sacs
59
Q

Found in the cytoplasm

A
  • cytoskeleton
  • organelles
  • cytosol
60
Q

Molecules moving down a concentration gradient

A

When molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

61
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

The passive transport mechanism in which molecules or ions move via carrier proteins from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

62
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

Occurs due to the random movement of atoms, molecules, or ions in air or liquid, from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration

63
Q

Nucleolus

A

Found within the nucleus and functions to produce ribosomes

64
Q

Cell cycle

A

The series of changes that a cell undergoes from the time it forms until the time it finishes dividing.

65
Q

Phagocytosis Sequence of Events

A
  1. An engulfed particle is enclosed within a vesicle
  2. A vesicle detaches from the cells surface and moves into the cell’s interior
  3. Vesicle-lysosome fusion occurs
  4. Digestive lysosomal enzymes decompose vesicle contents
  5. Products of intracellular digestion diffuse into the cytoplasm
  6. Residues are expelled outside through exocytosis
66
Q

Characteristics of vesicles

A
  • contain substances that have been produced by other organelles
  • contain substances that have just entered the cell
  • are membranous sacs
67
Q

Mitochondrion

A

This organelle is known as the “powerhouse of the cell” as it captures and transfers newly released energy into special chemical bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

68
Q

Organelle

A

A specialized structure inside a cell that performs specific functions such as extracting energy from nutrients or building proteins

69
Q

Basic framework of the cell membrane

A

A bilayer of phospholipid molecules.

70
Q

Stem Cell

A

An undifferentiated cell that can divide

71
Q

Meiosis

A
  • The form of cell division that occurs only in cells that give rise to sex cells.
  • Reduction of the chromosome number, as needed to produce sex cells (gametes) such as sperm and egg cells
72
Q

Mitosis

A
  • Nuclear division, producing two daughter nuclei with the same DNA make-up as the original cells.
  • Occurs in somatic cells.
73
Q

Function of glycoproteins

A

To identify the cell as being “self” or foreign

74
Q

Function of integral proteins

A
  • Transduce signals across the membrane

- Transport molecules across the membrane

75
Q

Characteristics of Chromatin

A
  • made of protein and DNA

- Condenses into chromosomes during cell division

76
Q

Three main stages of the cell cycle

A

Interphase, mitosis (division of the nucleus), and cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm)

77
Q

Three function of proteins in the cell membrane

A
  • receptors to bind chemicals
  • adhere adjacent cells to each other
  • channels for ions to move through
78
Q

Sub-phases of interphase

A
  • S

- G1

79
Q

Two organic molecules that the ER play a role in synthesizing

A
  • Proteins

- Lipids

80
Q

Interphase

A

The active period of the cell cycle, during which a cell grows, DNA replicates, and new organelle form. It terminates when the cell begins mitosis.

81
Q

Ions are hydrophilic, and therefore cannot cross the plasma membrane without help from what structures:

A
  • ion channels

- integral proteins

82
Q

Integral protein

A

a type of compact or globular protein that spans the cell membrane

83
Q

Meiosis

A

Occurs in sperm and egg cells and produces four daughter cells.

84
Q

Transmembrane integral proteins that act as pores or channels allow what type of molecules to cross the cell membrane:

A
  • ions

- water

85
Q

Chromatin

A

The material in the nucleus that is composed of protein and DNA: it contains information to guide synthesis of proteins and it condenses into chromosomes during cell division.

86
Q

Prophase

A

During this phase:

  • Chromatin condenses into chromosomes
  • Centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell
  • Spindle fibers form as the centrioles move apart
  • The nuclear envelope and nucleolus disperse.
87
Q

Filtration

A

A solution is pushed through a membrane by a force called hydrostatic pressure. This is a passive transport mechanism.

88
Q

How many chromosomes are in each new cell after mitotic divisions?

A

2 sets of 23 chromosomes: 46 chromosomes total

89
Q

Peripheral protein

A

A type of protein in the cell membrane that does not span the entire membrane: instead, it projects from one side only of the membranes surface

90
Q

Interphase

A

The phase that begins after cytokinesis and ends at prophase

91
Q

Cytokinesis

A
  • Cell membrane constricts around center of the cell

- The cytoplasm is divided between the cells

92
Q

Characteristics of the Cell membrane

A
  • it enables communication and interaction
  • it functions as a boundary for the cell
  • it carries out important metabolic reactions
93
Q

Differentiation

A

process of specialization in which cells specialize to form adult cells

94
Q

Active Transport Mechanism

A
  • exocytosis
  • transcytosis
  • pinocytosis
95
Q

Lysosomes

A

Organells that are membranous sacs containing powerful digestive enzymes

96
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Molecules within the cell membrane that function in cell recognition

97
Q

Characteristics of phagocytosis

A
  • a line of defense against infection
  • allows the body to remove damaged cells
  • it is an active transport mechanism
98
Q

Apoptosis

A

a form of “programmed cell death” and is a normal part of development.

99
Q

Diffusional equilibrium

A

occurs when the concentration of a given substance becomes uniform throughout a solution and there is no further net movement of molecules throughout the solution.

100
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Perforated with openings called nuclear pores that regulate the movement of molecules through the structure

  • separates the nuclear contents from the cytoplasm
  • a double-layered porous membrane
101
Q

Isotonic solution

A

has the same osmotic pressure as body fluids

Anatomy and Physiology 101 (5 decks)

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