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Anatomy and Physiology 101 > APHY 101 Ch. 2 Terms > Flashcards

APHY 101 Ch. 2 Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Chemistry

A

Considers the composition of substances and how they change.

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2
Q

Biochemistry

A

A branch of science dealing with the chemistry of life forms.

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3
Q

Matter

A

Anything that has weight and takes up space (solids, liquids, and gasses).

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4
Q

Mass

A

Refers to the amount of a substance.

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5
Q

Weight

A

Refers to how heavy something is.

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6
Q

Elements

A

Simplest example of matter with specific chemical properties. Most elements occur naturally and others are artificially made (refer to periodic table for examples)

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7
Q

Compounds

A

Elements that are are more commonly parts of chemical combinations.

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8
Q

Bulk Elements

A

Elements required in large amounts (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus - these make up more than 95% of the human body).

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9
Q

Trace Elements

A

Elements required in small amounts (important parts of enzymes).

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10
Q

Ultratrace Elements

A

Elements that are normally toxic in large amounts, but are vital in very small amounts.

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11
Q

Atom

A

The smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element.

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12
Q

Chemical Bonds

A

Atoms that can combine with atoms like themselves or with other atoms by forming attractions.

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13
Q

Electron

A

Extremely small particle within an atom: almost no weight; carries a negative electrical charge and is in constant motion around an atomic nucleus.

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14
Q

Proton

A

Relatively large particle within an atom; carries a positive electrical charge and is found within an atomic nucleus.

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15
Q

Neutron

A

Relatively large particle within an atom; about the same weight as a proton; uncharged and thus electrically neutral; found within an atomic nucleus.

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16
Q

Ion

A

A particle, formed from an atom, that is electrically charged because it has gained or lost one or more electrons.

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17
Q

Molecule

A

A particle formed by the chemical union of two or more atoms.

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18
Q

Atomic Number

A

The number of protons in the atoms of a particular element.

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19
Q

Atomic

A

The number of protons plus the number of neutrons in each of an elements atoms.

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20
Q

Isotope

A

Atoms that have the same atomic number but different in atomic weight.

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21
Q

Radioactive

A

Isotopes of an element that have unstable atomic nuclei that decompose and release energy until they reach a stable form.

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22
Q

Atomic Radiation

A

The energy fragments that are emitted from unstable isotopes. Includes three types: alpha, beta, and gamma.

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23
Q

Alpha Radiation

A

Particles from atomic nuclei, each of which includes two protons and two neutrons, that move slowly and cannot easily penetrate matter.

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24
Q

Beta Radiation

A

Smaller particles (electrons) that travel faster and more. deeply penetrate matter.

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25
Q

Gamma Radiation

A

A form of energy similar to X-Radiation; the most penetrating form of atomic radiation.

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26
Q

Molecular Formula

A

Used to depict the numbers and types of atoms in a molecule.

ex) H20 : 2 Hydrogen Atoms and 1 Oxygen Atom

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27
Q

Bonds

A

A link formed when atoms combine with other atoms

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28
Q

Electron Shells

A

One or more regions of space that the electrons of an atom occupy which surrounds the nucleus: Each electron shell can hold a limited number of shells.

1st: 2 electrons
2nd: 8 electrons
3rd: 8 electrons

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29
Q

Octet Rule

A

Atoms react in a way that leaves the outermost shell completely filled with electrons, achieving a more stable structure.

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30
Q

Inert

A

Atoms whose outermost electron shells are filled, already have stable structures and are chemically inactive: they cannot form chemical bonds.

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31
Q

Cations

A

Positively charged ions

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32
Q

Anions

A

Negatively charged ions

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33
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

Ions with opposite charges that attract

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34
Q

Covalent bond

A

A chemical bond between atoms that share electrons.

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35
Q

Structural Formula

A

Illustrations represented by two and three lines depicting atoms that share two pairs of electrons (double covalent bond) or three pairs of electrons (triple covalent bond).

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36
Q

Polar

A

A molecule that has an equal number of protons and electrons, but more of the electrons are at one end of the molecule, making that end slightly negative, while the other end of the molecule is slightly positive.

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37
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

The attraction of the positive hydrogen end of a polar molecule to the negative nitrogen or oxygen end of another polar molecule: these bonds are relatively weak.

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38
Q

Reactants

A

The starting materials changed by chemical reactions

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39
Q

Chemical reaction

A

The formation or breakage of bonds between atoms, ions, or molecules

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40
Q

Products

A

The atoms, ions, or molecules formed at a chemical reactions conclusion.

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41
Q

Synthesis

A

When two or more atoms, ions or molecules bond to form a more complex structure.

ex) when hydrogen and oxygen bond to form water

A+B –> AB

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42
Q

Decomposition

A

The reaction when the bonds of a reactant molecule break to form simpler molecules, atoms or ions.

ex) decomposition reactions digest nutrient molecules into molecules small enough to be absorbed into the blood stream

AB –> A+B

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43
Q

Exchange Reaction

A

A chemical reaction where parts of two different types of molecules trade positions as bonds are broken and new bonds are formed.

ex) When an acid reacting with a base producing water and a salt.

AB+CD –> AD+CB

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44
Q

Reversible Reaction

A

A chemical reaction where the product(s) can change back into the reactant(s).

A + B AB

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45
Q

Catalysts

A

Molecules that influence the rates (not the direction) of chemical reactions but are not consumed in the process.

46
Q

Dissociate

A

When ionically bound substances are placed in water, the ions are attracted to the positive and negative ends of the water molecules and tend to leave each other: The polarity of the water dissociates the salts in the internal environment.

47
Q

Electrolytes

A

Substances that release ions in water

48
Q

Acids

A

Electrolytes that dissociate to release hydrogen+ ions in water

ex) carbonic acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, phosphoric acid

HCl –> H+ + Cl-

49
Q

Base

A

Substances that release ions that combine with hydrogen ions

ex) sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate

NaOH –> Na+ + OH-

50
Q

Salts

A

The formation of water and electrolytes when bases react with acids to neutralize them.

ex) sodium chloride, aluminum chloride, magnesium sulfate.

HCl + NaOH –> H2O + NaCl

51
Q

pH Scale

A

A system that tracks the number of decimal places in a hydrogen ion concentration without writing them out.

52
Q

Neutral

A

When the number of acidic hydrogen ions and basic hydroxide ions are equal

ex) water

H20 –> H+ + OH-

53
Q

Alkalemia

A

Blood pH of 7.5 to 7.8

54
Q

Alkalosis

A

A condition of Alkalemia (having a higher blood pH) that makes one feel agitated and dizzy.

55
Q

Acidemia

A

Blood pH of 7.0 to 7.3

56
Q

Acidosis

A

A condition of Acidemia (having a lower blood pH) that makes one feel disoriented and fatigued, and breathing may be difficult.

57
Q

Buffers

A

Chemicals that resist pH change. They combine with hydrogen ions when these ions are in excess, or they donate hydrogen ions when these ions are depleted.

58
Q

Organic Compounds

A

Compounds that have carbon and hydrogen. Most that dissolve in water do not release ions (nonelectrolytes).

59
Q

Inorganic Compounds

A

All other chemicals that do not have carbon and hydrogen. These usually dissolve in water and dissociate, forming ions (electrolytes).

ex) inorganic substances in the cell: water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and inorganic salts.

60
Q

Solvent

A

A substance in which other substances dissolve

ex) water is a solvent because substances dissolve in it

61
Q

Solute

A

A substance dissolved in a solvent

ex) salt is a solute because it dissolves in a solvent like water

62
Q

Solution

A

The combination of a solvent and any solutes dissolved in it.

ex) saline is a solution because it resulted from a solute (salt) being dissolved in a solvent (water)

63
Q

Water Balance

A

Where gains and losses of water are equal.

ex) to maintain homeostasis, the body regularly gains and loses water, but the water must be present in order to correct the extracellular fluid.

64
Q

Water

A

(H20)

inorganic molecule

Medium in which most biochemical reactions occur, transports various chemical substances, major component of body fluids, and helps regulate body temperature.

65
Q

Oxygen

A

(O2)

inorganic molecule

Used in the release of energy from glucose molecules; cellular respiration, aerobic respiration

66
Q

Carbon Dioxide

A

(CO2)

inorganic molecule

Waste product that results from metabolism reacts with water to form carbonic acid

67
Q

Bicarbonate ions

A

HCO3-

inorganic ion

Help maintain acid-base balance

68
Q

Calcium ions

A

CA+2

inorganic ion

Necessary for bone development, muscle contraction, and blood clotting

69
Q

Carbonate ions

A

CO3-2

inorganic ion

Component of bone tissue

70
Q

Chloride ions

A

Cl-

inorganic ion

Help maintain water balance, and a major negatively charged ion in the body fluids.

71
Q

Hydrogen ions

A

H+

inorganic ion

pH of the internal environment

72
Q

Magnesium ions

A

Mg+2

inorganic ion

Component of bone tissue, and required for certain metabolic processes.

73
Q

Phosphate ions

A

PO4-3

inorganic ion

Required for synthesis of ATP and nucleic acids, a component of bone tissue, and helps maintain polarization of cell membranes.

74
Q

Potassium ions

A

Na+

inorganic ion

Required for polarization of cell membranes, and a major positively charged ion in the intracellular fluid

75
Q

Sodium ions

A

K+

inorganic ion

Required for polarization of cell membranes, helps maintain water balance, and a major positively charged ion in the extracellular fluid.

76
Q

Sulfate ions

A

SO4-2

inorganic ion

Help maintain polarization of cell membranes

77
Q

Organic Substances

A

Organic chemicals in cells; carbohydrates, lips, proteins and nucleic acids.

78
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Provide much of the energy that cells require. They also supply materials to build certain cell structures and are often stored as reserve energy supplies.

Organic Substance

Water-soluble molecules that include atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

79
Q

Sugars

A

Organic Substance

Simple carbohydrates; include monosaccharide and disaccharides

80
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Organic Substance

Single Sugars

The five-carbon sugars ribose and deoxyribose, as well as the six-carbon sugars; glucose, dextrose, fructose and galactose.

81
Q

Disaccharide

A

Organic Substance

Double Sugars

Consist of two simple sugar building blocks sucrose and lactose.

82
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Organic Substance

Complex Carbohydrates

Built of simple carbohydrates linked to form larger molecules of different sizes.

ex) Cellulose

83
Q

Glycogen

A

A polysaccharide that humans synthesize that is similar to starch. It is stored in the liver and skeletal muscles.

84
Q

Cellulose

A

A polysaccharide that humans cannot synthesize (break down and absorb into bloodstream) and is produced by plants.

85
Q

Lipids

A

Organic Substance

A group of chemicals that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents, such as ether and chloroform.

Include compounds such as fats, phospholipids and steroids and have a vital function in cells and are important constituents of cell membranes.

86
Q

Triglycerides

A

Organic Substance

Three fatty acid molecules bound to a glycerol molecule

The most abundant lipid; primarily used for cellular activity; can supply more energy gram for gram than can carbohydrate molecules.

Stored in fat as energy, also provides insulation beneath the skin.

87
Q

Fatty Acids

A

The building blocks of triglyceride molecules (includes glycerol)

All Fatty Acid molecules include a carboxyl group (-COOH) at the end of a chain of carbon atoms.

88
Q

Saturated Fatty Acid

A

Single carbon-carbon bonds link all the carbon atoms. Each carbon atoms binds as many hydrogen atoms as possible and is thus saturated with them.

89
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

A

One or more double bonds between many carbon atoms.

90
Q

Monounsaturated Fatty Acid

A

Fatty acids with one double bond

91
Q

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid

A

Fatty acids with two or more double bonds

92
Q

Glycerol

A

One of the building blocks of triglyceride molecules

Combines three fatty acid molecules to form a single triglyceride molecule; have different lengths and degrees.

93
Q

Saturated Triglycerides

A

Triglyceride molecules that have only saturated fatty acids (saturated fats).

More abundant in fatty foods solid at room temperature; butter, lard, and most animal fats. Exception; coconut and palm kernel oils (liquid at room temp.)

94
Q

Unsaturated Triglycerides

A

Triglyceride molecules that have unsaturated fatty acids (unsaturated fats)

Found in foods that are liquid at room temperature; soft margarine and seed oils (corn, grape, soybean, sunflower, etc.).

95
Q

Phospholipid

A

Two fatty acid molecules and a phosphate group bound to a glycerol molecule (may also include a nitrogen-containing molecule attached to the phosphate group).

Hydrophobic tail: two fatty acid chains and a hydrophilic head: phosphate group; attracted to and repelled by water making them form cell membranes.

Stored in the liver and parts of the nervous system.

Similar to a triglyceride molecule in that it includes a glycerol and fatty acid chains.

96
Q

Steroids

A

Four connected rings of carbon atoms.

Widely distributed in the body with a variety of functions; include cholesterol, sex hormone, and certain hormone of the adrenal glands.

97
Q

Enzymes

A

Catalysts in living systems; they speed specific chemical reactions without being consumed: many proteins play a vital role in metabolism as these.

98
Q

Amino acids

A

The building blocks of proteins: twenty types comprise proteins in organisms.

Have an amino group (-NH2) art one end and a carboxyl (-COOH) at the other end. Between these groups is a single carbon atom: the central carbon which is bonded to a hydrogen atom and to another group of atoms called a side chain/”R” group

99
Q

Conformations

A

Complex three-dimensional shapes assembled from simple chains of amino acids connected by peptide bonds.

100
Q

Peptide Bond

A

Covalent Bonds that link the amino end of one amino acid with the carboxyl end of another.

101
Q

Dipeptide Bond

A

Two amino acids connected by a peptide bond.

102
Q

Polypeptide Bond

A

Many amino acids connected by a peptide bond.

103
Q

Primary Structure

A

The amino acid sequence (characteristic of a particular protein), the order in which particular amino acids occur in the polypeptide chain.

104
Q

Secondary Structure

A

The polypeptide chain either forms a springlike coil (alpha helix) or fold back and forth on itself (beta-pleated sheet) or into other shapes.

Arises from hydrogen bonding.

105
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

Hydrogen bonding and even covalent bonding between atoms in different and distant parts of a polypeptide can impart another larger level of folding.

106
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

Several polypeptide chains are connected in a fourth level to form a very large molecule.

107
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Carries the instructions in the form of genes that control a cells activities by encoding the amino acid sequence of proteins.

108
Q

Nucleotides

A

Building blocked formed by the very large and complex nucleic acids which include atoms of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus.

Consist of a 5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), a phonate group, and one of several nitrogen-containing bases called nitrogenous bases.

109
Q

RNA

A

Ribose Nucleic Acid

Composed of nucleotides that have ribose sugar. Most molecules are single-stranded polynucleotide chains, but they can fold into shapes that enable them to interact with DNA.

110
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

A double polynucleotide chain wound into a double helix.

Hydrogen bonds hold the two chains together which differ by one oxygen atom.

Anatomy and Physiology 101 (5 decks)

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