APGOVCH8.Zariah White

Question 1

administrative adjudication

Answer 1

a quasi-judicial process in which a bureaucratic agency settles disputes between two parties similar to the way courts resolve disputes.

to force compliance some agencies resort to administrative adjudication.

Question 2

administrative discretion

Answer 2

the ability of bureaucrats to make choices concerning the best way to implement congressional or executive intentions.

administrative discretion allows decision makers a tremendous amount of leeway.

Question 3

cabinet departments

Answer 3

major administrative units with responsibility for a broad area of government operations. departmental status usually indicates a permanent national interest in a particular governmental function, such as defense, commerce, or agriculture.

there are fifteen cabinet departments and they account for about 60 percent of the federal workforce.

Question 4

civil service system

Answer 4

the merit system by which many federal bureaucracies are selected.

initially, the law covered only about 10 percent of positions in the federal civil service system.

Question 5

department of homeland security

Answer 5

cabinet department created after the september 11, 2001, terrorist attacks to coordinate domestic security efforts.

the largest department is the department of homeland security.

Question 6

federal bureaucracy

Answer 6

the thousands of federal government agencies and institutions that implement and administer federal laws and programs.

the federal bureaucracy is frequently called the “fourth branch of government”.

Question 7

interagency councils

Answer 7

working groups created to facilitate coordination of policy making and implementation across a host of governmental agencies.

depending on the amount of funding these councils receive, they can be the prime movers of administration policy in any area where an interagency council exists.

Question 8

government corporations

Answer 8

businesses established by congress to perform functions that private businesses could provide, such as the u.s. postal service and amtrak.

government corporations are often established when the financial incentives for private industry to provide services are minimal.

Question 9

g.i. (Government issue) bill

Answer 9

federal legislation enacted in 1944 that provided college loans for returning veterans and reduced mortgage rates to enable them to buy homes.

the g.i. (government issue) bill, for example, provided college loans for returning veterans and reduced mortgage rates to enable them to buy homes.

Question 10

great depression

Answer 10

a severe global economic downturn marked by mass unemployment and poverty that began in the united states in 1929 and persisted to some degree until the end of the 1930s.

after stock prices crashed in 1929, the nation plunged into the great depression.

Question 11

great society

Answer 11

reform program begun in 1964 by president lyndon b. johnson that was a broad attempt to combat poverty and discrimination through urban renewal, education reform, and unemployment seal.

within two decades after world war II, the national government’s response to the civil rights movement and president lyndon b. johnson’s great society program produced additional growth in the bureaucracy.

Question 12

independent regulatory commission

Answer 12

an entity created by congress outside a major executive department that regulates a specified interest or economic activity.

independent regulatory commissions are agencies created by congress to exist outside the major departments and regulate a specific economic activity or interest.

Question 13

merit system

Answer 13

a system of employment based on qualifications, test scores, and ability, rather than party loyalty.

rutherford b. hayes had favored the idea of replacing the spoils system with a merit system.

Question 14

pendleton act

Answer 14

reform measure that established the principle of federal employment on the basis of open, competitive exams and created the civil service commission.

the civil service reform act in 1883 is more commonly known as the pendleton act.

Question 15

sixteenth amendment

Answer 15

amendment to the u.s. constitution that authorized congress to enact a national income tax.

the ratification of the sixteenth amendment to the constitution in 1913 also affected the size and growth potential of government.

Question 16

world war I

Answer 16

a global military conflict that took place form 1914-1918 across europe and its overseas territories. the united states military intervened from 1917-1918.

the economy appeared to boom at u.s. involvement in world war I caused an increase in manufacturing, but ominous events loomed just over the horizon.

Question 17

world war II

Answer 17

a global military conflict that took place from 1939-1945 in europe, africa, asia, and the pacific region. the united states was formally involved in the war from 1941-1945.

the japanese attack on u.s. ships at pearl harbor, hawaii, on december 7, 1941, forced the united states into world war II.

Question 18

max weber

Answer 18

german sociologist active in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries who articulated the hierarchical structure and near-mechanical functioning of bureaucracies in complex societies.

german sociologist max weber defined bureaucracy as any system of administration conducted by trained professionals.

Question 19

patronage

Answer 19

jobs, grants, or other special favors that are given as rewards to friends and political allies for their support.

the spoils system was a form of patronage.

Question 20

spoils system

Answer 20

the firing of public-office holders of a defeated political party to replace them with loyalists of the newly elected party.

from the statement “to the victors belong the spoils” came the term spoils system.