APGovCh5KristianRuiz Flashcards
Harriet Tubman
Born a slave in Maryland in the early 1820s, Tubman escaped to freedom and became a conductor on the Underground Railroad. She led more than seventy people to freedom in the North, served in the Union during the Civil War, and championed womens suffrage.
Abolitionist
A supporter, especially in the early nineteenth century, of ending the institution of slavery
Civil Rights
The government-protected rights of individuals against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by governments or individuals.
Equal Protection Clause
Section of the 14th Amendment that guarantees that all citizens receive equal protection of the laws.
Frederick Douglass
A former slave born in the early 1800s who became a leading abolitionist, writer, and suffragist.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Leading 19th cen feminist, suffragist, and abolitionist woo, along with Lucretia Mott, organized the Seneca Falls Convention. Stanton later founded the National Woman Suffrage Association with Susan B Anthony.
Lucretia Mott
Leading 19th century feminist, suffragist, and abolitionist who, along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, organized the Seneca Falls Convention.
Seneca Falls Convention
The first major feminist meeting, held in New York State in 1848 which produced the historic Declaration of Sentiments calling for equal rights for women.
Dred Scott v. Sandford
A S.C decision that ruled the Missori Compromise unconstitutional and denied citizenship rights to enslaved A.A. Dred Scott heightened tensions between the pro-slavery South and the abolitionist North in the run up to the Civil War.
Emancipation Proclamation
President A.L issued this proclamation on Jan 1 1863 in the third year of the Civil War. It freed slaves in states that were in active rebellion against the U.S
Thirteenth Amendment
One of three major amendments ratified after the Civil War, specifically bans slavery in the U.S.
Fourteenth Amendment
One of three major amendments ratified after the Civil War; guarantees equal protection and due process of the law to all U.S citizens.
15th Amendment
One of thee major amendments ratified after the Civil War; specifically enfranchised newly freed male slaves.
Susan B Anthony
19th century feminist, suffragist, and founder of the National Woman Suffrage Association with E C S. Anthony later formed the National American Woman Suffrage Association, which along with the National Woman party helped to ensure ratification of the 19th Amendment.
Civil Rights Act of 1875
Passed by congress to enforce the 14th amendments guarantees of equal protection to African Americans. Granted equal access to public accommodations among other provisions.
Jim Crow Laws
Laws enacted by southern states that require segregation in public schools, theaters, hotels, and other public accommodations.
Poll taxes
Taxes levied in many southern states and localities that had to be paid before an eligible voter could cast a ballot.
Grandfather Clause
Voter qualification provision in many southern states that allowed only those citizens whose grandfathers had voted before Reconstruction to vote unless they passed a wealth or literacy test.
Progressive era
A period of widespread activism to reform political, economic, and social ills in the U.S
Plessy v. Ferguson
Supreme court case that challenged a Louisiana statue requiring that railroads provide separate accommodations for blacks and whites; the court found that separate-but-equal accomodations did not violate the equal proctecion clause of the 14th amdendment.
Separate-but-equal doctrine
The central tenet of the P v. F decision that claimed that separate accommodations for blacks and whites did not violate the constitution. This doctrine was used by southern states to pass widespread discriminatory legislation at the end of the 19th cen.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
An important rights organization founded in 1909 to oppose segregation, racism, and voting rights violations targeted against African Americans.
National American Woman Suffrage Association
Organization created by joining the National and American Woman Suffrage Associations.
Suffrage Movement
The drive for voting rights for women that took place in the U.S in the 19th and early 20th centuries until ratification of the 19th amendment in 1920
National Woman Party
A militant suffrage organization founded in the early 20th cen. Members of the NWP were arrested, jailed, and even forced-fed by authorities when they were on hunger strikes to secure voting rights for women.
19th Amendment
Amendment to the constitution passed in 1920 that guaranteed women the right to vote.
NAACP
The legal arm of the NAACP that successfully litigated the landmark case of B v. B and a host of other key civil rights cases.
Thurgood Marshall
A leading civil rights lawyer and the first head of the NAACP legal defense and educational fund. Marshal was the first African American appointed to the Supreme court and served on the court form 1967 until 1991
Harry S Truman
The thirty-third president a Democrat Truman became president when F.D.K died in office, he led the U.S through the end of World War II and the start of the Cold War.
Brown v. Board of Education
U.S supreme court decision holding that school segregation is inherently unconstitutional because it violates the 14th Amendment guarantee of equal protection of the law.
Dwight D Eisenhower
The 34 president of the Republican party who served form 1953 to 1961. he commanded allied forces during world war ll.
Rosa Parks
A leading civil rights activist of the 20 century. Parks was most notably involved with the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
Martin Luther King Jr
A baptist minister, proponent of non-violence and the most prominent leader of the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, He was assassinated on April 4, 1968.
John F Kennedy
The 34 president a Democrat, who served from 1961 to 1963 and marked a generational shift in U.S politics at the height of the Cold War. He was assassinated Nov 22, 1963.
Civil Rights Act of 1961
Wide-range legislation passed by Congress to outlaw segregation in public facilities and discrimination in employment, education, and voting, created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
National organization for women
The leading activist group of the women rights movement especially in the 1960s and 1970s.
Eleanor Roosevelt
First lady of the U.S, Roosevelt championed human rights throughout her life and served as the U.S first delegate to the United Nations General Assembly and later chaired the UN Commission on Human Rights.
Equal pay act of 1963
Legislation that required employers to pay men and women equal pay for equal work.
Title IX
Provision of the Education Amendments of 1972 that bars educational institutions that receive federal funds from discriminating against female students.
Equal rights amendment
Proposed amendment to the Constitution that states Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the U.S or any state on account of sex.
League of United Latin American Citizens
An activist group founded in 1929 to combat discrimination against, and promote assimilation among, Americans of Hispanic origin.
Cesar Chavez
Labor organizer who, with Dolores Huerta, founded the United Farm Workers Union in the 1960s
Dolores Huerta
Labor organizer who, with Cesar Chavez, founded the United Farm Workers Union in the 1960s
Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund
An organization modeled on the NAACP legal defense and educational fund that works to protect the civil rights of American of Mexican and other Hispanic heritage.
Chinese Exclusion Act
A law passed by congress in 1882 that prohibited all new immigration into the U.S from China.
Koremastu v U.S
A S.C ruling that upheld the authority or the U.S government to require mass interment of people of Japanese ancestry in the U.S during world war II
LGBTQ community
A minority group based on sexual orientation and gender identity that includes lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people.
Lawrence v. Texas
A 2003 S.C ruling that anti sodomy laws violated the constitutional right to privacy
United States v. Windsor
A S.C ruling striking down the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act which prohibited federal recognition of same-sex marriages.
Obergerfell v. Hodges
S C ruling that held that same-sex couples have a fundamental right to marry under the constitution.
Americans with Disabilities Act
A law enacted by congress in 1990 designed to guarantee accommodation and access for people with a wide range of disabilities.
Standards of Review
The levels of deference the court gives governments to craft policies that make distinctions on the basis of personal characteristics. These standards stem from the Courts need to ensure that laws do not undermine the 14th amendments equal protection clause.
Suspect Classifications
Category or class, such as race or a fundamental freedom, that triggers that highest standard of scrutiny from the Supreme Court.
Strict Scrutiny
A heightened standard of review used by the supreme court to determine the constitutional validity of a challenged practice. Legislation affecting the fundamental freedoms of speech, assembly, religion, and the press as well as suspect classifications are automatically accorded this level of review.
Affirmative Action
Policies designed to give special attention or compensatory treatment to members of a previously disadvantaged group.
Intermediate Standard of Review
A standard of review in which the Court determines whether classifications serve an important governmental objective and are substantially related to serving that objective. Gender-related legislation automatically accorded this level of review.
Rational basis standard of Review
A standard of review in which the court determines whether any rational foundation for the discrimination exists. Legislation affecting individuals based on age, wealth, mental capacity are generally given this level of review.
