APGovCH.5

Question 1

Harriet Tubman

Answer 1

Born a slave in Maryland in the early 1820s. She escaped to freedom and became a conductor on the Underground Railroad. She led more than 70 people to freedom in the North, served in the Union during the Civil War, and championed women’s suffrage

Question 2

Abilitionist

Answer 2

A supporter, especially in the early 19th century, of ending the institution of slavery

Question 3

civil rights

Answer 3

The government-protected rights of individuals against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by governments or individuals

Question 4

Equal protection clause

Answer 4

Section of the Fourteenth Amendment that guarantees that all citizens receive “equal protection of the laws”

Question 5

Frederick Douglass

Answer 5

A former slave born in the early 1800s who became a leading abolitionist, writer, and suffragist

Question 6

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Answer 6

Leading nineteenth-century feminist, suffragist, and abolitionist who, along with Lucretia Mott, organized the Seneca Falls Convention. She later founded the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) with Susan B. Anthony

Question 7

Lucretia Mott

Answer 7

Leading nineteenth-century feminist, suffragist, and abolitionist who, along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, organized the Seneca Falls Convention

Question 8

Seneca Falls Convention

Answer 8

The first major feminist meeting, held in the New York State in 1848, which produced the historic “Declaration of Sentiments” calling for equal rights for women.

Question 9

Dred Scott v. Sanford

Answer 9

A Supreme Court decision that ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional and denied citizenship rights to enslaved African Americans. Dred Scott heightened tensions between the pro-slavery South and the abolitionist North in the run up to the Civil War

Question 10

Emancipation Proclamation

Answer 10

President Abraham Lincoln issued this proclamation on January 1, 1863, in the third year of the Civil War. It freed all slaves in the states that were in active rebellion against the United States

Question 11

Thirteenth Amendment

Answer 11

One of three major amendments ratified after the Civil War; specifically bans slavery in the United States

Question 12

Fourteenth Amendment

Answer 12

One of three major amendments ratified after the Civil War; guarantees equal protection and due process of the law to all U.S. Citizens

Question 13

Fifteenth Amendment

Answer 13

One of three major amendments ratified after the Civil War; specifically enfranchised newly freed male slaves

Question 14

Susan B. Anthony

Answer 14

Nineteenth-century feminist, suffragist, and founder of the National Woman Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stanton. She later formed the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), which along with the National Woman’s Party (NWP) helped to ensure ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment

Question 15

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Answer 15

Passed by Congress to enforce the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantees of equal protection to African Americans. Granted equal access to public accommodations among other provisions

Question 16

Jim Crow Laws

Answer 16

Laws enacted by southern states that required segregation in public schools, theaters, hotels, and other public accommodations

Question 17

poll taxes

Answer 17

Taxes levied in many southern states and localities that had to be paid before an eligible voter could cast a ballot

Question 18

Grandfather Clause

Answer 18

Voter qualification provision in many southern states that allowed only those citizens whose grandfathers had voted before Reconstruction to vote unless they passed a wealth or literacy test

Question 19

Progressive Era (1890-1920

Answer 19

A period of widespread activism to reform political, economic, and social ills in the United States

Question 20

Plessy v. Ferguson

Answer 20

Supreme Court case that challenged Louisiana statute requiring that railroads provide separate accommodations for blacks and whites; the Court found that separate-but-equal accommodations did not violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Question 21

Separate-but-equal doctrine

Answer 21

The central tenet of the Plessy v. Ferguson decision that claimed that separate accommodations for blacks and whites did not violate the Constitution. This doctrine was used by the southern states to pass widespread discriminatory legislation at the end of the nineteenth century

Question 22

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Answer 22

An important rights organization founded in 1909 to oppose segregation, racism, and voting rights violations targeted against African Americans

Question 23

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

Answer 23

Organization created by joining the National and American Woman Suffrage Associations

Question 24

Suffrage Movement

Answer 24

The drive for voting rights for women that took place in the United States in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries until ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920

Question 25

National Women’s Party (NWP)

Answer 25

A militant Suffrage organization founded in the early twentieth century. Members of this organization were arrested, jailed and even force-fed by authorities when they went on hunger strikes to secure voting rights for women

Question 26

Nineteenth Amendment

Answer 26

Amendment to the Constitution passed in 1920 that guaranteed women the right to vote

Question 27

NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund (LDF)

Answer 27

The legal arm of the NAACP that successfully litigated the landmark case of Brown v. Board of Education and a host of other key civil rights cases

Question 28

Thurgood Marshall

Answer 28

A leading civil rights lawyer and the first head of the NAACP’s Legal Defense and Educational Fund. He was the first African American appointed to the Supreme Court and served on the Court from 1967 until 1991

Question 29

Harry S. Truman

Answer 29

The 33rd president, a Democrat, who served from 1945 until 1953. He became the president when Franklin D. Roosevelt died in office; he led the United States through the end of World War II and the start of the Cold War.

Question 30

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Answer 30

The 34th president, a Republican, who served from 1953 to 1961. He commanded Allied Forces during World War II.

Question 31

Rosa Parks

Answer 31

A leading civil rights activist of the 20th century. She was most notably involved with the Montgomery Bus Boycott

Question 32

Martin Luther King Jr.

Answer 32

A baptist minister, proponent of non violence, and most prominent leader of the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. He was assassinated on April 4, 1968.

Question 33

John F. Kennedy

Answer 33

The 35th president, a Democrat, who served from 1961 to 1963 and marked a generational shift in U.S. politics at the height of the Cold War. He was assassinated November 22, 1963.

Question 34

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Answer 34

Wide-ranging legislation passed by Congress to outlaw segregation on public facilities and discrimination in employment, education, and voting; created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Question 35

National Organization for Women (NOW)

Answer 35

The leading activist group of the women;s right movement, especially in the 1960s and 1970s.

Question 36

Elanor Roosevelt

Answer 36

First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945. She championed human rights throughout her life and served as the U.S. first delegate to the United Nations General Assembly and later chaired the UN’s Commission on Human Rights

Question 37

Equal Pay Act of 1963

Answer 37

Legislation that requires employers to pay men and women equal pay for equal work

Question 38

Title IX

Answer 38

Provision of the Education Amendments of 1972 that bars educational institutions that receive federal funds from discriminating against female students

Question 39

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

Answer 39

Proposed amendment to the Constitution that states “Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of sex”

Question 40

League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)

Answer 40

An activist group founded in 1929 to combat discrimination against, and promote assimilation among, Americans of Hispanic origin

Question 41

Cesar Chavez

Answer 41

Labor organizer who, with Dolores Huerta, founded the United Farm Workers Union (UFW) in the 1960s

Question 42

Dolores Huerta

Answer 42

Labor organizer who, with Cesar Chavez, founded the United Farm Workers Union (UFW) in the 1960s

Question 43

Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF)

Answer 43

An organization modeled on the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund that works to protect the civil rights of Americans of Mexican and other Hispanic heritage

Question 44

Chinese Exclusion Act

Answer 44

A law passed by Congress in 1882 that prohibited all new immigration into U.S from China

Question 45

Korematsu v. U.S.

Answer 45

A Supreme Court ruling that upheld the authority of the U.S. Government to require mass interment of people of Japanese ancestry in the United States during World War II

Question 46

LGBT community

Answer 46

A minority group based on sexual orientation and gender identity that includes lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people

Question 47

Lawrence v. Texas

Answer 47

A 2003 Supreme Court ruling that anti sodomy laws violated the constitutional right to privacy

Question 48

United States v. Windsor

Answer 48

A Supreme Court ruling striking down the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act, which prohibited federal recognition of same sex marriages

Question 49

Obergefell v. Hodges

Answer 49

Supreme Court ruling that held that same-sex couples have a fundamental right to marry under the Constitution

Question 50

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

Answer 50

A law enacted by congress in 1990 designed to guarantee accommodations and access for people with a wide range of disabilities

Question 51

Standards of Review

Answer 51

The levels of deference the Court gives governments to craft policies that make distinctions on the basis of personal characteristics. Theses standards stem from the Court’s need to ensure that laws do not undermine the 14th amendment’s equal protections clau

Question 52

Suspect Classification

Answer 52

Category or class, such as race or a fundamental freedom, that triggers the highest standard of scrutiny from the Supreme Court

Question 53

Strict Scrutiny

Answer 53

A heightened standard of review used by the Supreme Court to determine the constitutional validity of a challenged practice. Legislation affecting the fundamental freedoms of speech, assembly, religion, and the press we well as suspect classifications are accorded to this level of review

Question 54

Affirmative Action

Answer 54

Policies designed to give special attention or compensatory treatment to members of a previously disadvantaged group

Question 55

intermediate Standard of Review

Answer 55

A standard of Review in which the Court determines whether classifications serve an important governmental objective and are sustainably related to serving that objective. Gender related legislation automatically accorded this level of Review

Question 56

Rational basis standard of Review

Answer 56

A standard of Review in which the Court determines whether any rational foundations for the discrimination exists. Legislation affecting individuals based on age, wealth, mental capacity are generally given this level of review

Question 57

Brown v. Board of Education

Answer 57

U.S. Supreme Court decision holding that school segregation is inherently unconstitutional because it violates the fourteenth amendment guarantee of equal protection of the law