Apex- Chem and Physics Flashcards
Match each chemical bond with its definition: Covalent, Polar Covalent, Ionic
-complete transfer of valence electrons
-unequal sharing over valence electrons
-equal sharing of valence electrons
which are strongest vs weakest?
Ionic bond = complete transfer of valence electrons
covalent = equal sharing of valence electrons
polar covalent = unequal sharing of valence electrons
strongest = covalent
middle = ionic
weakest = polar covalent (Hydrogen bond)
Van der waals
What is the basic building block that makes up all matter?
the atom
3 components:
1. proton ( positive charge)
2. Neutron (no charge)
3. Electron (negative charg)
What law states that the total pressure is equal to the sum of partial pressures exerted by each gas in a mixture?
Dalton
P total = P1 + P2 + P3
What law states that the total pressure is equal to the sum of partial pressures exerted by each gas in a mixture?
Dalton
P total = P1 + P2 + P3
At sea level, the agent monitor measures the ET isoflurane at 8mmHg. Covert this to volumes %
converting partial pressure to volumes %
1%
volumes % = (partial pressure/total pressure) x 100
(8/760) x 100
if you were given volume % and asked to fing out partial pressure you would do:
(volume%/100) x total pressure
At sea level, the agent montior measures the end tital sevo at 2%. What is the partial pressure of sevo in the exhaled tidal volume?
converting volumes % to a partial pressure
15.2mmHg
partial pressure = (volumes% / 100) x total pressure
(2/100) x 760
2/100 = 0.02
if you wre given partial pressure and asked to calculate volume %, you would do:
(partial pressure/total pressure) x 100
Which component of the o2 delivery equation is MOST affected by Henry’s law?
A. Cardiac output
B. Hemoglobin
C. Arterial O2 sat
D. PaO2
PaO2
At a constant temperature, the amount of gas that dissolves in a solution is directly propotional to the partial pressure of that gas over the solution
DO2 = CO x [(1.34 x Hgb x SpO2) + (PaO2 x 0.003)] x 10
multiplying the PaO2 by oxygen’s solubility coefficient (0.003) allows us to calculate how much o2 is dissolved in the blood
long story short:
henrys law = solubility; o2 dissolved = solubility
What law describes how at a constant temperature, the amount of gas that dissolves in a solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas over the solution
Henrys law
The higher the gas pressure, the more it will dissolve into a liquid
What law accounts for why cold patients wake up slowly?
Henrys law
At a constant temp, higher the gas pressure, more will dissolve
decreased temp = increased solublity
increased temp = decreased solublity
Solubility coefficient of o2 vs co2
which is more soluble?
O2 = 0.003 (3 zeroes)
CO2 = 0.067
co2 is 20x more soluble
okay trying to make sense of this:
20 x more soluble so
3x 2 = 6
one tenth more soluble (20, 1 zero = 1 tenth), move decimal one tenth (one zero) to the right
0.003 to 0.06
if it was 200x more soluble , you would need to move the decimal over 2 spots, 0.6
What is overpressurizing and how does it work?
Crank up gas > increased partial pressure of gas > increasing the pressure gradient from alveoli to capillary membrane > more gas will transfer into the bloodstream and ultimately the brain
How would inhalational induction be affected in a COPD patient?
what law?
Slower
Ficks
-decreased surface area = decreased diffusion of gas
What does Fick’s law describe?
the transfer rate of gas through a tissue medium
What law describes how an o2 tank would explode in a hot enviornment?
Gay-Lussac
Figure out what your variables are:
1. Temperature
2. the PRESSURE of gas is what would make the tank explode
then draw your stupid triangle and make sure pans out
What gas law unifies Boyle’s, Charles, and Gay-Lussac’s laws into a single equation?
AKA
what is the equation (simplified)
Ideal gas law
Universal gas law
P = T/V
What law is associated with squeezing the reservoir bag?
Boyles
Pressure and Volume (INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL)
increased pressure = decreased volume in bag (bc it has gone to the patient)
During laminar flow, quadrupling the radius will cause flow to increase by a factor of what?
what law.equation?
what how much does it increase if you double it? triple it?
256
poiseullle
R^4 = 4 x 4 x 4 x 4 = 256
Whaw law states that the currrent passing through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance?
Ohms law
Ohms law =
Current = Voltage difference/Resistance
How do we adapt this to understand fluid flow?
Flow (current) = pressure gradient (voltage difference)/resistance
What does Q stand for?
flow
What happens when a radius is double, tripled, quadrupled?
what law?
Radius = 1 (reference)
R^4 = 1^4 = 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 = 1
Radius doubles (radius now = 2)
R^4 = 2^4 (2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 16)
Radius tripled (radious now = 3)
R^4 = 3 ^4 (3 x 3 x 3 x 3 = 81)
Radius quadroupled (radius now =4)
R^ 4 = 4^4 (4x4x4x4 = 256)
Poiseuielles
A fluids viscosity is (inversely/directly) proportionate to its temperature
what law
INVERSELY
-decreased temp = increased viscosity = decreased flow
-increased temp = decreased viscosity = increased flow
Poiseuielles
4 ways we can speed rate of transfusion
what law
- increase radius with large bore IV
- decrease viscosity by diluting blood with NS or running it through a warmer
- decrease length by not using longer tubing than you really need
- increase the pressure gradient with a pressure bag or increase the height of the IV pole
poiseuielles
okay so you know poiseuielles law deals with: radius, viscostiy, and length so start there
1. increase radius with large bore IV
→ increase radius, increase flow *greatest impact
- decrease viscosity by diluting blood with NS or running it through a warmer
→ increased temp = decreased viscosity
→ decreased viscosity = increased flow - decrease length by not using longer tubing than you really need
→ decreased length = increased flow - increase the pressure gradient with a pressure bag or increase the height of the IV pole
→ adaption of Ohms law [current = voltage difference/resistance → flow = pressure gradient/resistance]
→increased pressure gradient = decreased resistance = increased flow
What effect does a fever have on blood flow
what law?
increaed temp = decreased viscosity
decreased viscosity = decreased resistance
decreased resistance = increased blood flow
poiseuielles
knee jerk reaction is to figure out what law involves temperature
but instead its the fact that temperature reduces blood viscosity
Reynolds number is the LOWEST in the:
A. Glottis
B. mediium-sized bronchi
C. Carina
D. terminal bronchioles
Laminar
What is reynolds number for:
Laminar flow
<2000
What is reynolds number for:
Turbulent flow
> 4,000
What is reynolds number for:
Transitional flow
2000-4000
Laminar flow is depedent on what gas characterisitic (law
Turbulent f low is depdent on what gas characteristic (law)
Laminar = viscosity = poiseuielles
Turbulent = denisty = grahams
laminar < 2000
turbulent > 4000
What are the 2 princples applied to Jet ventilation:
- critical pressure
- venturi
- bernoulli principle
coanda
which is the best option?
Venturi and Bernoulli
Venturi is best option
Venturi = if the pressure inside the tube falls below atmospheric pressure, air is entrained into the tube
Bernoulli- as airflow in a tube moves past hte point of constriction, pressure at the constriction decreases.
label
Bernie- as airflow in a tube moves past the point of constriction, the pressure at the constriction decreases (bernie has left, no more pressure)
Venturi- if the pressure inside the tube falls below atmospheric pressure, then air is entrained into the tube
Coanda- a jet flow will attach itself to a nearby surface and will continue to flow along that surface even when it curves away from the intitial direction
Which principle/effect talks about how if velocity is (high/low), the pressure exerted on the walls of the tube will be (high/low)
Bernoulis
inversely related
think of river bank
low velocity - pressure highest on banks
high velocity (going through narrow points, water speeds up, pressure lower on banks)
As airflow in a tube moves past the point of constriction, the pressure at the constriction (increases/decreases)
what prinicple/effect?
decreases
bernoullis
-think of river, as soon as a narrow point (rushing waters) ends, the pressure then decreases at that point (assuming it was a bolus of water lol)
-or traffic- once cars move past one lane traffic- pressure decreases
idk this is dumb
What states that as the pressure inside a tube falls below atmospheric pressure, then air is entraiend into the tube
venturi
3 applications of venturi
- jet ventilation
- venturi mask
- nebulizer
Clinical example of coanda effect
Mitral regurgitation
describes how a jet flow attaches itself to a neweby surface and continues to flow along that surface even when the surface curves away from the initial jet direction
When applied to the left ventricle, which variables are included in the Law of Laplace? (select 2)
-wall tension
-wall thickness
-transmural pressure
-diameter
-wall tension and wall thickeness
surface tension of a sphere vs cylinder
what law
sphere:
Tension = (pressure x radius)/2
Cylinder = pressure x radius
la place
5 things the law of la place clinically relates to
which ones are spheres and which ones are cylinders (s) (c)
- alvolus (S)
- cardiac ventricle (s)
- saccular aneurysm (s)
- blood vessels (c)
- aortic aneurysm (c)
(pressure/tension) is a pushing force - it PUSHES the walls of the object apart
(pressure/tension) is a PULLING force- it holds the walls of an object together
what law
pressure - PUSHES
tension- pulls and holds together
law of la palce
The law of la place and the alveolus - the tendency of an alveolus to collapse is:
directly proportional to what
indirectly propotional to what
directly proportional to surface tension (more tension = more likely to collapse)
inversely propotional to alveolar radius (smaller radius, more likely to collapse)
what law helps explain how pts with systemic hypertensoin compensate with LVH?
Law of La Place
The risk of ionizing radation to exposure to the anesthesia provder is:
A. directly propotional to the square of the distance from the source
B. directly propotional to the cubed radius of the distance from the source
C. indirectly propotional to the square of the distance from the source
D. indirectly propotional to the cubed radius of the distance from the source
what law
C
inverse square law
T/F: most radiation exposure in the hospital is the result of direct exposure
False- scattered exposure
3 ways to limit radiation exposure
- distance
- duration
- shielding
What is the minimum safe distance from the radiation source?
6 feet
*6 feet of air confers the same protection as 9” of concrete or 2.5mm of lead
What is the yearly maximum radiation exposure for adults?
what about for the fetus of a pregnant worker?
5 rem
0.5rem or 0.05rem/month
What are the most suceptiable to radiation exposure injury in the non-pregnant vs pregnant person?
non-pregnant = eyes and thyroid
pregnant = fetus
someone asks you why you have to wear lead around ionizing radiation- what happens with exposure?
it will remove electrons from atoms in the body and create free radicals that can lead to tissue damage, cancer, chromosome damage
wear lead..who cares
what is a roentgen (R)
how ionizing radiation exposure is quantified
The number of calories required to convert one gram of a liquid to vapor without a tempoerature change in the liquids is called the :
A. latent heat of vaporization
B. boiling point
C. critical temp
D. specific heat
A. Latent heat of vaporization
- boiling point is the temp at which a liquids vapor pressure = atmospheric pressure
-specific heat = amount of heat required to increase temp of one gram of a substance by one degree
-critial temp = the highest temp where a gas can exist as a liquid.
T/F: something cant evaporate until it boils
false:
-evaporation occurs before boiling (vapor pressure < ATM pressure, bubbles cant form)
boiling is when vapor pressure = ATM pressure and bubbles can form
T/F: something cant evaporate until it boils
false:
-evaporation occurs before boiling (vapor pressure < ATM pressure, bubbles cant form)
boiling is when vapor pressure = ATM pressure and bubbles can form
What refers to the amount of heat requred increase the temp of a 1g substance by 1 degree C?
specific heat
Vapor pressure is (directly/indirectly) propotional to temperature
directly
-increased temp , increased vapor pressure
What referes to the number of caloreis required to convert 1g of liquid to a vapor WITHOUT a temperatuer change in the liquid?
Latent heat of vaporization
T/F- an adiabatic process describes a process that occurs without a gain or loss of energy (heat)
what effect?
true
joule-thompson
Why does opening an o2 tank quickly feel cool to touch?
what effect?
bc when gases stored at high pressures are suddenly released, it escapes from its container into a vacuum
-it quickly loses speed and a signficant amount of kinetic energy, resulting in a fall in temp
Joulse-Thompson
“cool joule”
What is referred to the highest temp where a gas can exist as a liquid
critical temperature
What 2 gases that we use exist primarily as liquids in their tanks and why?
Nirous oxide and CO2
bc their critical temps are higher than room temp (20 degrees celsius)
Nitrous= 36.5
CO2 = 31
what describes a proces that occurs without gain or loss of energy (heat)
adiabatic process
think:
diabatic = heat
a = no
How many cm of water is = 1mmHg?
so what would atmospheric pressure be in cm of water ?
1.36cm H20
760 x 1.36 = 1033.6
1 ATM =
mmHg
TORR
BAR
kPa
cmH20
lbs/sq. in
760mmHg
760 TORR
1 BAR
100 kPa
1033cm H20
1.47lb/sq inch
1mmHg = how many cm of water
how many mmHg per 1 cm H20
1mmHg = 1.36 cm H20
1cm H20 = 0.74mmHg
Pressure = what
Force/Area
increased area = decreased presssure
decreased area = increased pressure
What does avogadro’s number say?
that 1 mole of any gas is made up of 6.023 x 10^23 atoms
who fucking cares
An o2 tank that explodes in a massive OR fire is an example of what law?
Gay-Lussac’s law
Which concept explains why nitrous oxide exists as a liquid at room temp?
A. Joule-Thompson
B. Critical Temp
C. Boiling point
D. Adiabatic process
B. Critical temp
critical temp for n20 is 36.5 (room temp is 20)
Which concept explains why AS increases myocardial o2 consumption?
A. Ficks law
B. Coanda effect
C. Law of Laplace
D. Poiseuielles
C.
wall stress is increased by:
- increased itnraventiruclar pressure
- increased radius
- decreased wall thickness
anything that increases wall stress aslo increases myocardial o2 consumption
-heart undergoes remodeling (concentric hypertrophy) in an attempt to reduce wall stress
A sevo vaporizer at sea level is set to 5% - calculate this value to a partial pressure
what law?
38
(0.05 x 760)
daltons
P total = p1 + p2 + p3
