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Miscellaneous Topics > Apex- Chem and Physics > Flashcards

Apex- Chem and Physics Flashcards

1
Q

Match each chemical bond with its definition: Covalent, Polar Covalent, Ionic

-complete transfer of valence electrons
-unequal sharing over valence electrons
-equal sharing of valence electrons

which are strongest vs weakest?

A

Ionic bond = complete transfer of valence electrons
covalent = equal sharing of valence electrons
polar covalent = unequal sharing of valence electrons

strongest = covalent
middle = ionic
weakest = polar covalent (Hydrogen bond)
Van der waals

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2
Q

What is the basic building block that makes up all matter?

A

the atom

3 components:
1. proton ( positive charge)
2. Neutron (no charge)
3. Electron (negative charg)

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3
Q

What law states that the total pressure is equal to the sum of partial pressures exerted by each gas in a mixture?

A

Dalton

P total = P1 + P2 + P3

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4
Q

What law states that the total pressure is equal to the sum of partial pressures exerted by each gas in a mixture?

A

Dalton

P total = P1 + P2 + P3

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5
Q

At sea level, the agent monitor measures the ET isoflurane at 8mmHg. Covert this to volumes %

converting partial pressure to volumes %

A

1%

volumes % = (partial pressure/total pressure) x 100

(8/760) x 100

if you were given volume % and asked to fing out partial pressure you would do:
(volume%/100) x total pressure

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6
Q

At sea level, the agent montior measures the end tital sevo at 2%. What is the partial pressure of sevo in the exhaled tidal volume?

converting volumes % to a partial pressure

A

15.2mmHg

partial pressure = (volumes% / 100) x total pressure

(2/100) x 760
2/100 = 0.02

if you wre given partial pressure and asked to calculate volume %, you would do:
(partial pressure/total pressure) x 100

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7
Q

Which component of the o2 delivery equation is MOST affected by Henry’s law?

A. Cardiac output
B. Hemoglobin
C. Arterial O2 sat
D. PaO2

A

PaO2

At a constant temperature, the amount of gas that dissolves in a solution is directly propotional to the partial pressure of that gas over the solution

DO2 = CO x [(1.34 x Hgb x SpO2) + (PaO2 x 0.003)] x 10

multiplying the PaO2 by oxygen’s solubility coefficient (0.003) allows us to calculate how much o2 is dissolved in the blood

long story short:
henrys law = solubility; o2 dissolved = solubility

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8
Q

What law describes how at a constant temperature, the amount of gas that dissolves in a solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas over the solution

A

Henrys law

The higher the gas pressure, the more it will dissolve into a liquid

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9
Q

What law accounts for why cold patients wake up slowly?

A

Henrys law

At a constant temp, higher the gas pressure, more will dissolve

decreased temp = increased solublity
increased temp = decreased solublity

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10
Q

Solubility coefficient of o2 vs co2

which is more soluble?

A

O2 = 0.003 (3 zeroes)
CO2 = 0.067

co2 is 20x more soluble

okay trying to make sense of this:

20 x more soluble so

3x 2 = 6
one tenth more soluble (20, 1 zero = 1 tenth), move decimal one tenth (one zero) to the right
0.003 to 0.06

if it was 200x more soluble , you would need to move the decimal over 2 spots, 0.6

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11
Q

What is overpressurizing and how does it work?

A

Crank up gas > increased partial pressure of gas > increasing the pressure gradient from alveoli to capillary membrane > more gas will transfer into the bloodstream and ultimately the brain

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12
Q

How would inhalational induction be affected in a COPD patient?

what law?

A

Slower

Ficks

-decreased surface area = decreased diffusion of gas

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13
Q

What does Fick’s law describe?

A

the transfer rate of gas through a tissue medium

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14
Q

What law describes how an o2 tank would explode in a hot enviornment?

A

Gay-Lussac

Figure out what your variables are:
1. Temperature
2. the PRESSURE of gas is what would make the tank explode

then draw your stupid triangle and make sure pans out

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15
Q

What gas law unifies Boyle’s, Charles, and Gay-Lussac’s laws into a single equation?

AKA

what is the equation (simplified)

A

Ideal gas law

Universal gas law

P = T/V

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16
Q

What law is associated with squeezing the reservoir bag?

A

Boyles

Pressure and Volume (INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL)

increased pressure = decreased volume in bag (bc it has gone to the patient)

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17
Q

During laminar flow, quadrupling the radius will cause flow to increase by a factor of what?

what law.equation?

what how much does it increase if you double it? triple it?

A

256

poiseullle

R^4 = 4 x 4 x 4 x 4 = 256

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18
Q

Whaw law states that the currrent passing through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance?

A

Ohms law

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19
Q

Ohms law =

Current = Voltage difference/Resistance

How do we adapt this to understand fluid flow?

A

Flow (current) = pressure gradient (voltage difference)/resistance

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20
Q

What does Q stand for?

A

flow

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21
Q

What happens when a radius is double, tripled, quadrupled?

what law?

A

Radius = 1 (reference)
R^4 = 1^4 = 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 = 1

Radius doubles (radius now = 2)
R^4 = 2^4 (2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 16)

Radius tripled (radious now = 3)
R^4 = 3 ^4 (3 x 3 x 3 x 3 = 81)

Radius quadroupled (radius now =4)
R^ 4 = 4^4 (4x4x4x4 = 256)

Poiseuielles

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22
Q

A fluids viscosity is (inversely/directly) proportionate to its temperature

what law

A

INVERSELY

-decreased temp = increased viscosity = decreased flow
-increased temp = decreased viscosity = increased flow

Poiseuielles

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23
Q

4 ways we can speed rate of transfusion

what law

A
  1. increase radius with large bore IV
  2. decrease viscosity by diluting blood with NS or running it through a warmer
  3. decrease length by not using longer tubing than you really need
  4. increase the pressure gradient with a pressure bag or increase the height of the IV pole

poiseuielles

okay so you know poiseuielles law deals with: radius, viscostiy, and length so start there
1. increase radius with large bore IV
→ increase radius, increase flow *greatest impact

  1. decrease viscosity by diluting blood with NS or running it through a warmer
    → increased temp = decreased viscosity
    → decreased viscosity = increased flow
  2. decrease length by not using longer tubing than you really need
    → decreased length = increased flow
  3. increase the pressure gradient with a pressure bag or increase the height of the IV pole
    → adaption of Ohms law [current = voltage difference/resistance → flow = pressure gradient/resistance]
    →increased pressure gradient = decreased resistance = increased flow
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24
Q

What effect does a fever have on blood flow

what law?

A

increaed temp = decreased viscosity
decreased viscosity = decreased resistance
decreased resistance = increased blood flow

poiseuielles

knee jerk reaction is to figure out what law involves temperature
but instead its the fact that temperature reduces blood viscosity

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25
Q

Reynolds number is the LOWEST in the:

A. Glottis
B. mediium-sized bronchi
C. Carina
D. terminal bronchioles

A

Laminar

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26
Q

What is reynolds number for:

Laminar flow

A

<2000

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27
Q

What is reynolds number for:
Turbulent flow

A

> 4,000

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28
Q

What is reynolds number for:
Transitional flow

A

2000-4000

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29
Q

Laminar flow is depedent on what gas characterisitic (law
Turbulent f low is depdent on what gas characteristic (law)

A

Laminar = viscosity = poiseuielles
Turbulent = denisty = grahams

laminar < 2000
turbulent > 4000

30
Q

What are the 2 princples applied to Jet ventilation:
- critical pressure
- venturi
- bernoulli principle

coanda

which is the best option?

A

Venturi and Bernoulli

Venturi is best option

Venturi = if the pressure inside the tube falls below atmospheric pressure, air is entrained into the tube

Bernoulli- as airflow in a tube moves past hte point of constriction, pressure at the constriction decreases.

31
Q

label

A

Bernie- as airflow in a tube moves past the point of constriction, the pressure at the constriction decreases (bernie has left, no more pressure)

Venturi- if the pressure inside the tube falls below atmospheric pressure, then air is entrained into the tube

Coanda- a jet flow will attach itself to a nearby surface and will continue to flow along that surface even when it curves away from the intitial direction

32
Q

Which principle/effect talks about how if velocity is (high/low), the pressure exerted on the walls of the tube will be (high/low)

A

Bernoulis
inversely related

think of river bank

low velocity - pressure highest on banks
high velocity (going through narrow points, water speeds up, pressure lower on banks)

33
Q

As airflow in a tube moves past the point of constriction, the pressure at the constriction (increases/decreases)

what prinicple/effect?

A

decreases

bernoullis

-think of river, as soon as a narrow point (rushing waters) ends, the pressure then decreases at that point (assuming it was a bolus of water lol)

-or traffic- once cars move past one lane traffic- pressure decreases

idk this is dumb

34
Q

What states that as the pressure inside a tube falls below atmospheric pressure, then air is entraiend into the tube

A

venturi

35
Q

3 applications of venturi

A
  1. jet ventilation
  2. venturi mask
  3. nebulizer
36
Q

Clinical example of coanda effect

A

Mitral regurgitation

describes how a jet flow attaches itself to a neweby surface and continues to flow along that surface even when the surface curves away from the initial jet direction

37
Q

When applied to the left ventricle, which variables are included in the Law of Laplace? (select 2)

-wall tension
-wall thickness
-transmural pressure
-diameter

A

-wall tension and wall thickeness

38
Q

surface tension of a sphere vs cylinder

what law

A

sphere:
Tension = (pressure x radius)/2

Cylinder = pressure x radius

la place

39
Q

5 things the law of la place clinically relates to

which ones are spheres and which ones are cylinders (s) (c)

A
  1. alvolus (S)
  2. cardiac ventricle (s)
  3. saccular aneurysm (s)
  4. blood vessels (c)
  5. aortic aneurysm (c)
40
Q

(pressure/tension) is a pushing force - it PUSHES the walls of the object apart

(pressure/tension) is a PULLING force- it holds the walls of an object together

what law

A

pressure - PUSHES
tension- pulls and holds together

law of la palce

41
Q

The law of la place and the alveolus - the tendency of an alveolus to collapse is:

directly proportional to what
indirectly propotional to what

A

directly proportional to surface tension (more tension = more likely to collapse)

inversely propotional to alveolar radius (smaller radius, more likely to collapse)

42
Q

what law helps explain how pts with systemic hypertensoin compensate with LVH?

A

Law of La Place

43
Q

The risk of ionizing radation to exposure to the anesthesia provder is:

A. directly propotional to the square of the distance from the source
B. directly propotional to the cubed radius of the distance from the source
C. indirectly propotional to the square of the distance from the source
D. indirectly propotional to the cubed radius of the distance from the source

what law

A

C

inverse square law

44
Q

T/F: most radiation exposure in the hospital is the result of direct exposure

A

False- scattered exposure

45
Q

3 ways to limit radiation exposure

A
  1. distance
  2. duration
  3. shielding
46
Q

What is the minimum safe distance from the radiation source?

A

6 feet

*6 feet of air confers the same protection as 9” of concrete or 2.5mm of lead

47
Q

What is the yearly maximum radiation exposure for adults?

what about for the fetus of a pregnant worker?

A

5 rem

0.5rem or 0.05rem/month

48
Q

What are the most suceptiable to radiation exposure injury in the non-pregnant vs pregnant person?

A

non-pregnant = eyes and thyroid

pregnant = fetus

49
Q

someone asks you why you have to wear lead around ionizing radiation- what happens with exposure?

A

it will remove electrons from atoms in the body and create free radicals that can lead to tissue damage, cancer, chromosome damage

wear lead..who cares

50
Q

what is a roentgen (R)

A

how ionizing radiation exposure is quantified

51
Q

The number of calories required to convert one gram of a liquid to vapor without a tempoerature change in the liquids is called the :

A. latent heat of vaporization
B. boiling point
C. critical temp
D. specific heat

A

A. Latent heat of vaporization

  • boiling point is the temp at which a liquids vapor pressure = atmospheric pressure

-specific heat = amount of heat required to increase temp of one gram of a substance by one degree

-critial temp = the highest temp where a gas can exist as a liquid.

52
Q

T/F: something cant evaporate until it boils

A

false:

-evaporation occurs before boiling (vapor pressure < ATM pressure, bubbles cant form)

boiling is when vapor pressure = ATM pressure and bubbles can form

52
Q

T/F: something cant evaporate until it boils

A

false:

-evaporation occurs before boiling (vapor pressure < ATM pressure, bubbles cant form)

boiling is when vapor pressure = ATM pressure and bubbles can form

53
Q

What refers to the amount of heat requred increase the temp of a 1g substance by 1 degree C?

A

specific heat

54
Q

Vapor pressure is (directly/indirectly) propotional to temperature

A

directly

-increased temp , increased vapor pressure

55
Q

What referes to the number of caloreis required to convert 1g of liquid to a vapor WITHOUT a temperatuer change in the liquid?

A

Latent heat of vaporization

56
Q

T/F- an adiabatic process describes a process that occurs without a gain or loss of energy (heat)

what effect?

A

true

joule-thompson

57
Q

Why does opening an o2 tank quickly feel cool to touch?

what effect?

A

bc when gases stored at high pressures are suddenly released, it escapes from its container into a vacuum

-it quickly loses speed and a signficant amount of kinetic energy, resulting in a fall in temp

Joulse-Thompson

“cool joule”

58
Q

What is referred to the highest temp where a gas can exist as a liquid

A

critical temperature

59
Q

What 2 gases that we use exist primarily as liquids in their tanks and why?

A

Nirous oxide and CO2

bc their critical temps are higher than room temp (20 degrees celsius)

Nitrous= 36.5
CO2 = 31

60
Q

what describes a proces that occurs without gain or loss of energy (heat)

A

adiabatic process

think:

diabatic = heat
a = no

61
Q

How many cm of water is = 1mmHg?

so what would atmospheric pressure be in cm of water ?

A

1.36cm H20

760 x 1.36 = 1033.6

62
Q

1 ATM =

mmHg
TORR
BAR
kPa
cmH20
lbs/sq. in

A

760mmHg
760 TORR
1 BAR
100 kPa
1033cm H20
1.47lb/sq inch

63
Q

1mmHg = how many cm of water

how many mmHg per 1 cm H20

A

1mmHg = 1.36 cm H20

1cm H20 = 0.74mmHg

64
Q

Pressure = what

A

Force/Area

increased area = decreased presssure
decreased area = increased pressure

65
Q

What does avogadro’s number say?

A

that 1 mole of any gas is made up of 6.023 x 10^23 atoms

who fucking cares

66
Q

An o2 tank that explodes in a massive OR fire is an example of what law?

A

Gay-Lussac’s law

67
Q

Which concept explains why nitrous oxide exists as a liquid at room temp?

A. Joule-Thompson
B. Critical Temp
C. Boiling point
D. Adiabatic process

A

B. Critical temp

critical temp for n20 is 36.5 (room temp is 20)

68
Q

Which concept explains why AS increases myocardial o2 consumption?
A. Ficks law
B. Coanda effect
C. Law of Laplace
D. Poiseuielles

A

C.

wall stress is increased by:
- increased itnraventiruclar pressure
- increased radius
- decreased wall thickness

anything that increases wall stress aslo increases myocardial o2 consumption
-heart undergoes remodeling (concentric hypertrophy) in an attempt to reduce wall stress

69
Q

A sevo vaporizer at sea level is set to 5% - calculate this value to a partial pressure

what law?

A

38

(0.05 x 760)

daltons

P total = p1 + p2 + p3

Miscellaneous Topics (11 decks)

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