APACIBLE 02 Flashcards
One of the most common illnesses in the Philippines
Influenza
Involves inflammation and infection of the major airways.
Influenza
What causes influenza?
Orthomyxovirus Influenza Type A, B, or C.
Influenza assessment
C A F F S G
marked by cough
aching pains
fever
fatigue
sore throat
gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea.
Influenza treatment
A O I
antipyretic such as acetaminophen to control fever
Oseltamivir (TamiFlu) can be taken by children over 1 year of age
Influenza vaccine yearly
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the major bronchi and trachea
One of the more common illnesses affecting preschool and school aged children
Bronchitis characterization
Characterized by fever, cough, usually in conjunction with nasal congestion.
Causative agents of bronchitis
Influenza viruses
Adenovirus
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Bronchitis assessment
M F R C
mild upper respiratory tract infection
fever and dry hacking cough
rhonchi and coarse crackles can be heard on auscultation
chest radiograph will reveal diffuse alveolar hyperinflation and some markings at the hilus of the lung.
Treatment of Bronchitis
A E C C
Antibiotics for bacterial infection
If the mucus is viscid, expectorant may be necessary
It is important for children with bronchitis cough to raise accumulating sputum
Coughing syrups to suppress coughing
When children fail to respond readily to the aerosol administration, and an attack continues, they are in _
Status Asthmaticus
Bronchiolitis
Inflammation of the fine bronchioles and small bronchi.
Bronchiolitis
Most common lower respiratory illness in children younger than 2 years
Peak incidence at 6 months
Pathogens responsible for bronchiolitis
Viruses such as:
Adenovirus
Parainfluenza virus
RSV
Bronchiolitis Assessment
U N I M A T P L
Upper respiratory tract infection for 1-2 days
Nasal flaring
Intercostal and subcostal retractions on inspiration and increased respiratory rate
Mild fever, leukocytosis, and increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Alveolar hyperinflation
Tachycardia and cyanosis
Pulmonary infiltrates shown in chest radiograph
Low oxygen saturation
Asthma management
A S R A E L L
-avoidance of allergens
-skin testing and hyposensitization to identify allergens
-relief of symptoms by pharmacologic agents
Avoid milk or milk products
Encourage children to drink fluids
Long-acting bronchodilators in addition to inhaled antiinflammatory daily corticosteroids
Leukotriene receptor antagonists such as Montelukast
Bronchiolitis Treatment
A H A H N I
Antipyretic and adequate hydration
Hospitalization is warranted for children in severe distress
Anti-RSV Immunoglobulin for children with chronic pulmonary disease if causative agent is RSV
Humidified oxygen to counteract hypoxemia
Nebulized bronchodilators may be used
Intravenous fluid may be given for the first 1 or 2 days of illness
Asthma
An immediate hypersensitivity (type 1) response
Most common illness among children.
Tends to occur initially before 5 years of age
Asthma assessment
P D D W C
Panting
Dry cough, at night as bronchoconstriction
Dyspnea and wheezing
Wheezing is heard primarily on expiration
If the child coughs up mucus, it is generally copious
In Status Asthmaticus, if the attack cannot be relieved, a child may die of _ caused by the combination of _
heart attack
-exhaustion, atelectasis, and respiratory acidosis from bronchial plugging
Status Asthmaticus assessment
S H B L H L
shows acute respiratory distress
heart rate and respiratory rate are elevated
Both oxygen saturation and PO2 are low
Loud wheezing initially heard in an asthma attack
Have so little air able to pass in or out of the lungs that breath sounds are limited
Low oxygen saturation level
Status Asthmaticus treatment
C O G I I M U E
Continuous nebulization with an inhaled beta-2 agonist and intravenous corticosteroids may be necessary
Oxygen is given by face mask or nasal prongs to maintain the PO2 at more than 90mmHg
Give oxygen with humidification to prevent drying of pulmonary secretions
Increased fluid to combat dehydration
Intravenous infusion such as 5% glucose in 0.45 saline to supply food
Monitor intake and output; measure specific gravity of urine
Under stress, antidiuretic hormone is released, so fluid retention and over hydration may occur
Endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation may be necessary in severe attacks
Acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses
Seasonal influenza
Cases of influenza from Jan 1 to Aug 12, 2023
114,127
