APACIBLE 01 Flashcards
A congenital obstruction of the posterior nares by an obstructing membrane or bony growth,
preventing a newborn from drawing air through the nose and down into the nasopharynx It may be either
unilateral or bilateral.
Choanal Atresia
When does choanal atresia usually develop?
between the 3rd and 7th embryonic weeks
Choanal atresia assessment
Choanal atresia can also be assessed by holding the newborn’s mouth closed, then gently
compressing the first one nostril, then the other.
- If atresia is present, infants will struggle as they experience air hunger when their mouth is closed.
Treatment of Choanal Atresia
local piercing of the obstructing membrane
surgical removal of the bony growth
The common cold is the most frequent infectious disease in children—in fact, toddlers have
an average of 10 to 12 colds a year. School-age children and adolescents have as many as four or five
yearly. The incubation period is typically 2 to 3 days. Most occur in the fall and winter
Acute nasopharyngitis
Etiology
Acute Nasopharyngitis assessment
Symptoms begin with nasal congestion,
- watery rhinitis, and a low-grade fever
The mucous membrane of the nose becomes edematous and inflamed,
- constricting airway space and causing difficulty breathing.
- Posterior rhinitis, plus local irritation, leads to pharyngitis (sore throat).
- Upper airway secretions that drain into the trachea lead to a cough.
- Cervical lymph nodes may be swollen and palpable.
- The process lasts about a week and then symptoms fade. I
- n some children, a thick, purulent nasal discharge occurs because bacteria such as streptococci
invade the irritated nasal mucous membrane and cause a secondary purulent infection
Acute Nasopharyngitis Treatment
There is no specific treatment for a common cold. Although
many parents ask to have antibiotics prescribed, because colds are caused by a virus, antibiotics are not
effective unless a secondary bacterial invasion has occurred.
Define Oxygenation
It can be defined as the addition of oxygen to any chemical or physical system including the human body. It is also a word to describe interventions that provide greater oxygen supply to the lungs and circulatory system.
An infection and inflammation of the throat. The peak incidence occurs between 4 and 7 years of age. It
may be either bacterial or viral in origin. It may occur as a result of a chronic allergy in which there is
constant postnasal discharge that results in secondary irritation. At least a slight pharyngitis usually
accompanies all common upper respiratory infections.
Pharyngitis
The causative agent of pharyngitis is usually an adenovirus.
Viral Pharyngitis
Treatment: Adequate oral hydration
Perfusion
Passage of oxygenated capillary blood through body tissues.
Viral Pharyngitis Assessment
The symptoms are generally mild: a sore throat,
- fever, and general malaise.
- On physical assessment, regional lymph nodes may be noticeably enlarged.
- Erythema will be present in the back of the pharynx and the palatine arch.
- Laboratory studies will indicate an increased white blood cell count.
the organism most frequently involved in bacterial
pharyngitis in children
infections must be taken seriously because they can lead to
cardiac and kidney damage from the accompanying autoimmune process.
Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus
Transport of oxygen
The transport of oxygen is fundamental to aerobic respiration and the survival of complex organisms.
Plays an important role in oxygen transport
Lungs Heart Vasculature RBC
Lungs
are the respiratory organs responsible for the exchange of gases between the bloodstream and the atmosphere in oxygenation.
Arterial Blood Gas Analysis
Measures the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and also measures the pH of the blood.
It is performed to evaluate how effectively the lungs supply oxygen to the blood and how effectively it removes carbon dioxide from the blood.
Primary goal of nursing interventions in children with respiratory conditions
to maintain or re-establish adequate oxygenation, ventilation and hydration. This may
involve interventions aimed at clearing the airway, removing or loosening secretions.
devices that encourage children to inhale deeply to aerate the lungs fully or
move mucus. Children need instruction on how to use this type of de- vice, because their first impression
is that they should blow out against the mouthpiece rather than inhale.
Incentive Spirometers
The procedure to create the airway is called
Tracheotomy
Retropharyngeal Abcess
In infants, the lymph nodes that drain the nasopharynx are located just behind the posterior pharynx wall. These nodes may become infected following acute nasopharyngitis or pharyngitis.
Retropharyngeal Abcess assessment
U S H S T P
Retropharyngeal therapeutic management
B S P L
