AP World Unit 9 Flashcards
Martin Luther King Jr. 8.7
Martin Luther King Jr. was arguably the most influential leader of the civil rights movement which took place in the 1950s and 60s. King was known for his nonviolent protests and moving speeches which helped to persuade court decisions such as Brown v the Board of Education Topeka as well as his nonviolent tactics such as the boycott of the Montgomery public buses and massive protests of over 250,000 people.
LO9: The struggle for equal rights was a huge issue in America during the 50s and 60s and still is today. King used this struggle to capitalize on social injustice and used nonviolent tactics to promote racial equality.
Nelson Mandela 8.7:
Nelson Mandela was known for leading nonviolent protests against apartheid in South Africa (the racial segregation of white and black people). Mandela is seen as a civil rights icon in South Africa and around the world.
LO9: The struggle for equal rights in South Africa occurred after laws of apartheid were set in place. As a result, civil rights leaders such as Nelson Mandela emerged who looked to end segreation.
Green revolution 9.1:
The green revolution was a response to the long-term issue of hunger. Scientists developed new forms of wheat, rice, and greens that had higher yields and were more resistant to pests, diseases, and droughts. Recently, scientists used genetic engineering (the manipulation of cells and their genetics) to change organisms’ basic characteristics. Farmers also began to use pesticides, irrigation, and fertilizers to produce more edible food. However, the green revolution led to many farmers losing their jobs and made it harder for small farmers to compete with large corporations.
LO1: The development of new agricultural technologies allowed for the production of much more edible food. However, this also caused many smaller farmers and landowners to lose their jobs/lad because of the new machines that could do everything they did for free.
New modes of communication 9.1:
New modes of communication began to emerge through the use of the television and the radio. By the 1990s new technologies such as the cell phone emerged and gave individuals all over the world the ability to quickly communicate with others. In the early 2000s social media websites such as Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram allowed individuals to interact in fun, creative ways. These new forms of communication have influenced the world in unimaginable ways and have allowed for globalization.
LO1: The development of new technologies allowed people to communicate across thousands of miles seamlessly. This gave social media and other communication platforms extreme importance and influence.
Medical innovations 9.1:
There were numerous medical innovations that emerged in the 20th century, however, the most notable were antibiotics, birth control, and vaccines. The first antibiotic was developed in 1928 by a Scottish biologist, the antibiotic was called Penicillin. Penicillin and other antibiotics saved many soldiers’ lives during world war. Antibiotics then went on to serve many people suffering from illnesses. Similarly, the development of the vaccine occurred in the 1700s, however, nonprofit organizations did not begin to distribute vaccines until the 1900s. Thanks to vaccines diseases like smallpox, measles, and polio all became treatable. The world health organization estimated that vaccines have saved over 3 million lives since the start of the 21st century.
LO1: New technologies such as antibiotics and vaccines have saved millions of lives and have made illnesses and diseases less deadly. These new technologies also allowed for many new forms of medicine to be discovered.
Covid-19 Pandemic 9.2:
Covid-19 was a pandemic that disrupted the world in march 2020. As more and more people live on the earth more and more pandemics are going to occur to control the population. Vaccines, as well as booster shots and face masks, were all solutions to the illness that struck the earth. Even today in 2022, there are still repercussions from the pandemic as some still opt to wear masks and social distance.
LO2: Factors such as the covid-19 pandemic affect the population as many people end up passing away thus the population is regulated. As our population continues to grow, scientists predict more and more pandemics will occur.
Diseases of poverty 9.2:
Diseases of poverty are diseases that persist regardless of potential cures due to poor impoverished conditions. Diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, and cholera are all diseases that thrive in impoverished conditions. In low-income areas, these diseases are much more likely to cause death than in high-income places.
LO2: Environmental factors such as where one lives significantly affect one’s life expectancy as things like diseases can drastically affectt how long one lives.
Diseases of longevity 9.2:
Diseases of longevity are diseases that do not develop until later on in one’s life. Examples of diseases of longevity are heart disease and Alzheimer’s. Diseases of longevity affect both lower and upper-class people as they are generally a result of old age.
LO2: Environmental factors do not directly correspond with diseases of longevity, however, one’s diet can heavily influence what diseases one may contract.
Causes of environmental change 9.3:
Causes of environmental change include issues like population growth, urbanization, globalization, and industrialization. The expanding global population has led to a higher demand for food and croplands. This increased demand has led to deforestation, soil erosion, and the loss of animals habitats as more land is needed for farming. Urbanization has led to more and more people living in cities. Many fear this will lead to unhealthy, unsanitary farming practices. Finally, globalization and industrialization also have caused environmental change as many countries are clearing land to build factories.
LO3: Environmental changes were caused by changing industries as well as population growth. Effects of this include deforestation as well as unhealthy farming practices.
Economic Liberalization 9.4:
Economic Liberalization is the opening up of the world’s economy. Both Ronald Regan and Margeret Thatcher were supporters of a free market, an economic plan that was based on supply and demand with little government control. This ultimately led to operations moving their factories to countries with more workers and lower minimum wages. Economic Liberalization in Chile took place after Augusto Pinochet was deleted as the Chilean leader. Pinochet wanted Chile’s economy to take a free-market approach. He did this by writing economic reforms (with the help of the University of Chicago). However, the reforms were unpopular as they did not address poverty and other social concerns. However, the free market tactic ultimately helped to reduce poverty.
LO4: Many countries changed to a free-market economy during the 20th century as they wanted to produce as many goods as possible without the consent of the government.
Deng Xiaoping 9.4:
Deng Xiaoping became the leader of China in 1981. Under his rule, the Chinese economy began to grow due to the policy Deng put in place called, “Let some people get rich first.” These were the government’s steps to expand the economy: replaced communes with peasant-leased plots of land, allowed factories to produce more products for consumers, encouraged foreign companies to set up factories in special economic zones, reopened the Shanghai stock market, and allowed private ownership of some businesses. These new economic strategies helped China’s economy to grow rapidly and become much more strong/influential.
LO4: During the end of the 20th century, China completely changed its economic approach. Previously, under strict communist rule, China’s economy was under complete government control. However, after Deng Xiaoping came to power, he established economic reforms that made China’s economy reflect one of a free market.
Knowledge economy 9.4:
A Knowledge economy is an economy that creates, distributes, and uses knowledge and information. Occupations such as designers, engineers, and teachers all have jobs that are considered to be a part of the knowledge economy. An example of a knowledge economy in the United States is in Slicon Valley, California.
LO4: One change in the global economy from 1900-present is the introduction of technology into the economy. Companies like Apple, Samsung, and Google have been able to create multimillion dollar businesses off of knowledge economies.
World Trade Organization 9.4 & 9.7:
The World Trade Organization rules/facilitates 90% of the world’s international trade. However, due to its overbearing power and presence it became controversial. The WTO meetings were held in private and many of the organizations leaders were owners of large corporations looking to make profit. Another concern was the WTO morals as they seemed to value profit more than human rights. As a result, anti world trade organization protests and movements arose. The Battle of Seattle is one of the most memorable WTO protests as 400,00 protesters shut down the WTO’s meeting and drew global attention to the new global economy. The battle for Seattle is seen as the beginning of anti-globalization movements.
LO4&LO7: The global economy from 1900-present is heavily relient on trade as free market and capitalism led many countries to move their factories to developing countries as labor is much cheaper. This ultimately led to the need for goods and products to be shipped/traded across oceans and borders. One response to globalization from 1900-present was anti-globalization protests. These protests took place as a result of global warming, deforestation, and unjust labor laws.
Multinational Corporations 9.4
Multinational coporations is a company that is legally incorporated in one country but makes/sells goods or services in another country. An example of a multinational corporation would be joint-stock companies such as the British East India Company or the Dutch East India Company. Multinational corporations are also known exploiting resources and labor from developing countries to then sell/utlize for their own use.
LO4: One continuity from 1900-present was the use of multinational corporations . Companies like the British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company are both examples of multinational coporations
ASEAN 9.4:
ASEAN is the association of Southeast Asian nations. ASEAN collectivley acts as an economic unit in an attempt to attract foreign investment and to compete/hold its own against China and the other Asian tigers (Japan, South Korea, Taiwan).
LO4: One change in the global economy from 1900-present is the new alliances formed between nations. Aside from ASEAN and the WTO, many other economic alliances formed during the 20th-21st century.
