A.P. U.S. History Test 3/18/2014 Flashcards
International Workers of the World
Roaring Twenties
(1905)
a. International Revolutionary industrial labor organization.
b. Contended that all workers should be united as one social class and capitalism and wage labor should be gotten rid of.
c. Became a large socialist union in America but was ultimately too radical for American’s to embrace and was replaced by the AFL
Joe Hill
Roaring Twenties
(1900’s- 1915)
a. Member of the IWW (International Workers of the World) , labor activist
b. Was a popular song writer and cartoonist for the radical union.
c. Fought hard to improve conditions for the working people, but was executed by the state in a controversial trial.
“Big” Bill Haywood
Roaring Twenties
(1900’s-1928)
a. Founding member and leader of the IWW (Industrial Workers of the World).
b. Was involved in several important labor battles at the beginning of the 20th century.
c. Advocate of industrial unionism, meaning organize all the workers of one profession into one union regardless of specific trade or skill level.
d. Constantly get into trouble, he was convicted of violating the Espionage act of 1917 and fled to Russia afterwards.
Henry Ford/assembly line /interchangeable parts
Roaring Twenties
(Late 1800’s- 1940’s)
a. American industrialist, founder of Ford motor company, and sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique and mass production.
b. Made automobiles affordable for the middle class.
c. Most known for Assembly line and Model T which both revolutionized the car industry and world.
Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association
Roaring Twenties
(1900’s- 1940)
a. Jamaican political leader, publisher, journalist, and orator who was very into Black Nationalism and Pan-Africanism movements.
b. Encouraged African Americans to be aware of their African heritage and reject assimilation
c. The United Negro Improvement Association launched a chain of black owned grocery store and pressed for creation of other black businesses
d. After being indicted on business fraud he fell apart, but his appeal of black nationalism would influence generations of blacks after him
Volstead Act
Roaring Twenties
(1919-1933)
a. Formally known as the National Prohibition Act, enacted to carry out the 18th amendment
b. Was pretty shoddily done and did not define intoxicating liquors or provide penalties
c. Was repealed by 21st amendment
Sinclair Lewis
Roaring Twenties
(1900’s- 1950’s)
a. Novelist, short-story writer, and playwright
b. First U.S. writer to receive nobel prize in literature
Ernest Hemingway
Roaring Twenties
(1900’s- 1960’s)
a. Author and journalist
b. Disillusioned Author
c. Wrote A Farewell to Arms.
William Faulkner
Roaring Twenties
(1900’s-1960’s)
a. American writer and Nobel Prize Laureate
b. One of the most important writers in both American and particularly southern literature.
c. Disillusioned author who was depressed by capitalism and World War I.
Eugene O’Neill
Roaring Twenties
(First half of 1900’s)
a. Irish American playwright and Nobel Laureate
b. Was part of disillusionment era, which was what nearly all his plays were about
c. Greatest American playwright
Harlem Renaissance
Roaring Twenties
(1920’s)
a. A flowering of black art in New York, included Jazz, Poetry, and theater
b. Jazz- Duke Ellington, band leader, mixed jazz with classical music. Played at the cotton club in Harlem
c. Poetry-Langston Hughes
d. Ideas discussed during this era would influence black culture for generations to come.
KDKA radio
Roaring Twenties
(1920)
a. Radio station in Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
b. First commercial Radio Station
Warren G. Harding
Roaring Twenties
(1920’s)
a. President in 1920, one of the weakest presidents who called for a “return to normalcy” after WW1
b. Presidency is marked by corruption, attorney general and secretary of interior were totally corrupt and in bed with crime units.
c. Teapot Dome Scandal- Town in Wyoming where the two corrupt secretaries took their bribes from
d. Died in 1922 from a heart attack
Sacco and Vanzetti
Roaring Twenties
(1920’s)
a. Italian- born anarchists who were convicted of murdering two men during the armed robbery of a shoe factory.
b. There was a ton of evidence suggesting that they were innocent, yet the jury, biased because they were anarchists, sentenced them to death.
c. Showed the fear of immigrants in America and their prejudices against them
Emergency Quota Act
Roaring Twenties
(1921)
a. Act that restricted immigration into the U.S.
b. Added two new features to American Immigration law: Numerical limits and use of a quota for establishing those limits.
c. Restricted # of immigrants admitted from country severely.
d. Helped keep the “American culture” but was extremely racist
Calvin Coolidge
Roaring Twenties
(1922-1929)
a. Became president in 1922 after Harding had a heart attack, was known as silent Cal
b. Very into Laissez Faire economics and shrunk the government as much as possible
c. Restored public confidence in the government after Harding’s scandals
National Origins Act
Roaring Twenties
(1924)
a. Federal law that limited the number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to even lower than the Emergency quota Act.
b. Aimed at further restricting the Southern and Eastern Europeans
c. Was meant to preserve the ideal of American homogeneity
d. Would end up hurting Jews who attempted to escape to America when Hitler took over in Germany.
Scopes “Monkey” Trial
Roaring Twenties
(1925)
a. Case in which a high school teacher was accused of teaching evolution in Tennessee where it was illegal to do so
b. He was arrested and put on trial
c. William Jennings Bryan, a fundamentalist and creationist, became the chief prosecutor in the case
d. Scopes was defended by Clarence Darrow, the greatest defense lawyer in the country
e. The verdict was not as important as its symbolism of a trial against Darwin, whose arguments became a lot stronger when Darrow tore Bryan apart
The Jazz Singer
Roaring Twenties
(1927)
a. American music film
b. First feature-length motion picture with sound, ended the silent film era
c. Based off of a Jewish story
Charles Lindbergh/Spirit of St. Louis
Roaring Twenties
(1900’s)
a. American aviator, author, inventor, explorer, and social activist
b. Made history when he flew alone, non- stop from America to Europe in his plane, the Spirit of Saint Louis
Herbert Hoover
Great Depression
(1929-1933)
a. Was the head of the U.S. Food Administration during World War 1, and Secretary of Commerce under Harding and Coolidge, became president in 1929
b. Shortly after taking office America entered the Great Depression. Hoover tried to combat the crisis with government enforced efforts, public work efforts including the Hoover Dam, tariffs including the Hawley-Smoot Tariff , and increase in top tax brackets.
c. Though these initiatives did not help during his presidency, they laid a groundwork for Roosevelt’s new deal.
d. Generally took a hands off approach to G.D. and is considered a bad president as a result
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
Great Depression
(1930)
a. Raised U.S. Tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods to record levels
b. Some people think it helped cause the Great Depression, but it was passed after it had started and just made the situation worse
c. Caused most world powers to raise their tariffs really high, halting international trade, thus helping people end the tariff debate
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
Great Depression
(1932)
a. Gave 2 billion in aid to state and local governments and made loans to banks, railroads, and other businesses
b. Meant to boost the country’s confidence and help banks return to normalcy
c. Played a large role in handling the Great Depression
Bonus March
Great Depression
(1932)
a. A group of veterans who marched on Washington to demand cash-payment redemption of their service certificates.
b. Since many vets had been out of work since the G.D. they wanted to redeem their certificates which could not be redeemed legally until 1945
c. Got pretty crazy and 2 veterans died
d. In 1936 Congress passed a law over FDR’s veto to give veterans their money early
New Deal
Great Depression
(1933-1938)
a. Roosevelt’s solution to the Great Depression, series of domestic programs
b. Focused on 3 R’s, Relief for people out of work, recovery for business, and Reform of American economic institutions
c. Was eventually successful, helped make the Democratic Party the majority in America
“Hundred Days”
Great Depression
(1933)
a. During Roosevelt’s first 100 days of presidency, Congress passed every single one of his requests, enacting more major legislation than any single congress in history
b. Passed WPA, AAA, CCC, and NRA
c. Roosevelt also called for a bank holiday to give them time to restructure and become more stabilized
d. Also repealed prohibition
Emergency Banking Act
Great Depression
(1933)
a. Authorized the government to examine the finances of banks closed during the bank holiday
b. Allowed it to reopen those the government judged to be in good condition
c. Helped repair the banks
Civilian Conservation Corps
Great Depression
(1933)
a. Employed young men on projects on federal lands and paid their families small monthly sums.
b. They built up infrastructure in the country including lodges, national parks, trails etc.
Agricultural Adjustment Act
Great Depression
(1933)
a. Encouraged farmers to reduce production, paid them to plow under their fields
b. Declared unconstitutional, much to FDR’s annoyance
Federal Emergency Relief Act
Great Depression
(1933)
a. Grants of money to state governments for building roads, bridges, and dams.
b. Was replaced by the WPA (Works Progress Administration)
c. Source for thousands of unskilled jobs in local and state government.
Tennessee Valley Act
Great Depression
(1933)
a. A huge government program to build dams and power plants to bring electricity and control flooding for millions in the Southeast.
b. Became a model for governmental efforts to seek to help in the modernization of agrarian societies in the developing world.
Farm-Credit Act
Great Depression
(1933)
a. Was created to help with the mortgage issues that millions of farm owners and homeowners were facing.
b. Within 2 years it refinanced 1/5 of all farm mortgages in the U.S.
Glass-Steagall Banking Act
Great Depression
(1933)
a. Gave government authority to limit irresponsible speculation by banks
b. Established FDIC
c. Transferred a ton of power from regional Fed’s to the Fed in D.C.
d. Increased federal authority over previously unregulated/weakly regulated areas of the economy
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Great Depression
(1933)
a. Created by the Glass-Steagal Banking act of 1933, meant the government guaranteed all bank deposits up to a certain amount.
b. Reinstalled trust into the banking system in America
Gold Reserve Act
Great Depression
(1934)
a. Required that all gold and gold certificates held by the Fed be surrendered and given to the U.S. Department of the Treasury
b. Outlawed most private possession of gold.
Securities and Exchange Act
Great Depression
(1934)
a. Law governing the secondary trading of securities in the U.S.
b. Established the SEC, which is primarily responsible for the enforcement of U.S. Federal Securities Law
Works Progress Administration
Great Depression
(1935-1939)
a. Billions of dollars were spent to employ 3.4 million people.
b. Similar to the CCC and PWA, people continued to build up infrastructure including roads, buildings, airports, and bridges.
c. Most famously employed thousands of artists, actors and writers to paint murals, write histories, and perform plays.
Schecter v. U. S.
Great Depression
(1935)
a. Decision by the Supreme Court that invalidated regulations of the poultry industry
b. Rendered the National Industrial Recovery Act unconstitutional
Wagner Act/National Labor Relations Act
Great Depression
(1935)
a. Guaranteed a workers right to join a Union, and a union’s right to collective bargaining (meaning companies had to deal with unions together)
b. Also ensured through the NLRB (National Labor Relations Board) that workers were protected against stuff like unfair firing
c. Important shift in American history, most people were anti-union before but now became pro-union, union membership skyrocketed during the Great Depression
`
Social Security Act
Great Depression
(1935)
a. Federal retirement fund, put money in throughout life and get it back after 65
b. Lifted millions of old people out of poverty
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)
Great Depression
(1928)
a. Federation of unions which organized workers in industrial unions in the U.S. and Canada
b. Grew rapidly during the Great Depression
Fair Labor Standards Act
Great Depression
(1938)
a. Introduced a max 44 hour 7 day workweek, national minimum wage, guaranteed time-and-a-half for overtime, and prohibited oppressive child labor
b. Radically changed the workplace and affected 700,000 people as well as millions after.
a. Introduced a max 44 hour 7 day workweek, national minimum wage, guaranteed time-and-a-half for overtime, and prohibited oppressive child labor
b. Radically changed the workplace and affected 700,000 people as well as millions after.
