A.P. History Test 5/30/2013

Question 1

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1842

Answer 1

a. With tensions rising between G.B. and America Lord Ashburton was sent from England to negotiate with Webster and preserve peace.
b. Established the boundary between the U.S. and Canada in Maine, gave America more than half of the argued territory. Also protected trade routes in Northern U.S. and Southern Canada. Promised no more interfering with American ships
c. Improved relations greatly between England and America.

Question 2

James Polk

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1845-1849

Answer 2

a. 11th President of the United States, last “strong” president before the United States
b. Threatened Britain over Oregon, then backed down and split it with them. Also won the Mexican American War during his presidency.
c. Though Polk was viewed as a successful president, many of his actions would lead to huge tension in the years to come

Question 3

Texas Enters Union

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1845

Answer 3

a. In the 1820’s Mexicans invited Americans into Texas to improve economy and gain taxes. This move quickly backfired as Americans started setting up their own independent government. Many people wanted to fight for their independence.
b. General Sam Houston fought against Santa Anna and defeated him, and forced him to sign a treaty that said Texas was independent. Even though Mexico would repudiate this claim, they did not attempt to get Texas back.
c. Texas had trouble getting into the Union since there was a huge sectionalism issue on slavery. Nevertheless, in 1845 Polk accepted Texas into the Union, leading to the Mexican American War since Mexico said the boundary was the Nueces River, but Texans said the Rio Grande. When America won they won the war they won down to the Rio Grande
d. This annexation of Texas would lead to huge sectionalism issues.

Question 4

Slidell Mission

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1845

Answer 4

a. John Slidell was sent by Polk to buy off the Texas lands as well as California.
b. Total failure, and the Mexican-American War began

Question 5

Oregon Treaty

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1846

Answer 5

a. There was a dispute as to who owned Oregon and for twenty years after 1818 the governments called for joint ownership. However, Americans soon began taking great interest in the land, particularly missionaries, and began to flood into Oregon.
b. The new settlers called for the U.S. government to take full possession of the Oregon territory
c. Polk offered a treaty to Britain at the 49th parallel, but Britain shunned him completely. Enraged, Polk declared that America would take all of Oregon, leading to the slogan “54 40 or fight!”. Eventually though Britain just gave into the original request of the 49th and that was that.

Question 6

Wilmot Provisio

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1846

Answer 6

a. While Mexican-American war was still going on Representative David Wilmot introduced an amendment to the bill that Polk was going to send to the Mexicans to buy their peace which said that there would be no slavery allowed in the newly acquired Mexican territories.
b. Passed the house but failed in the Senate, would be debated and brought up many times afterwards though.
c. Made the argument of slavery even more central as Southerners said they should have equal rights in the new territories, including the right to own property in the form of slaves.

Question 7

Iowa Enters Union

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1846

Answer 7

a. Enters in 1846, Polk signs them in, purchased most of the land from the Indians.

Question 8

Mexican-American War

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1846-1848

Answer 8

a. Question of whether Texas-Mexican border was Rio Grande or Nueces River, so when America annexed Texas this became their issue. America placed soldiers on the border, claimed they were attacked by the Mexicans and started the war.
b. The war was wildly popular at first, but as time went on, many people grew uneasy due to the casualties and atrocities that were occurring.
c. America won both Texas and California at this point, yet Mexico refused to accept defeat. Polk then launched a campaign to march on Mexico City which the army did, never losing a battle. Finally Mexico was willing to surrender.
d. Polk was caught between abolitionists who thought it was just a ploy for Southerners to gain more land for slaves and with it, more power, and others who called for the entire annexation of Mexico. He decided to negotiate a peace treaty and paid off Mexico 15 million dollars. Gained all the territory they had set out to get, but did not get any new land.
e. Trist treaty ended it, though Polk really wanted more land. Started more troubling sectional issues.

Question 9

“Spot Resolutions”

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1847

Answer 9

a. List of resolutions written by Lincoln asking Polk for the exact spot where Mexicans had shed the blood that caused the Mexican American war.
b. Was largely ignored by Congress, viewed as unpatriotic by others.
c. Introduced Lincoln into the scene of politics.

Question 10

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1848

Answer 10

a. Mexico agreed to give California, New Mexico, and up to the Rio Grande border of Texas to the Americans.
b. America agreed to pay 15 million dollars to Mexico and assume any financial claims the new citizens had against Mexico.
c. America was pretty horrible during this war

Question 11

Zachary Taylor

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1849-1850

Answer 11

a. War-hero, but had no political experience.
b. Was seen as a bad president because of the crucial time period he was in, his presidency did not relieve sectionalistic tensions.
c. Did not accomplish much, died a year and a half into his presidency.

Question 12

Gold in California

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1850’s to 1880’s

Answer 12

a. Led to increase in tensions as Gold was discovered in California leading to a huge influx of people to the mountains of California.
b. Though some people did get rich as a result, many others did not, yet still stayed in California.
c. California was very diverse, causing many racial and ethnic problems, and put pressure onto the government how to deal with territories.

Question 13

Mexican Cession

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1848

Answer 13

a. Part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
b. Mexico ceded 6 future states
c. Added more conflict with slave states

Question 14

Free-Soil Party

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1848

Answer 14

a. 1848, Founded by people who did not believe that the Democrats or Whigs were clear on the slavery issue in the new territories.
b. Were anti-slavery, contained both abolitionists and white racists who didn’t want slavery at all.
c. Signaled inability of existing parties to control the passions spurred by the issue of slavery, led to the downfall of the Whig party

Question 15

Millard Fillmore

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1850-1853

Answer 15

a. Last Whig president, took over after Taylor’s death.
b. Supported the Compromise of 1850 and the Fugitive Slave Act
c. Opened up trading with Japan
d. Seen as one of the worst presidents in American History, due to his lack of leadership at a perilous time in the Union

Question 16

Compromise of 1850

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1850

Answer 16

a. California wanted to enter the Union as a free state, and people questioned what to do with slavery in Washington D.C.
b. Compromise allowed California to enter as free state, Washington D.C. got rid of slave trade but still had slaves, the South had a new, stronger slave law under Fugitive Slave Act, and could allow slavery north of the Mason-Dixie line by the concept of popular sovereignty.
c. Led to increased tensions between the North and South over slavery issue.

Question 17

Fugitive Slave Act

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1850

Answer 17

a. Said states must return escaped slaves to their original owners since they were just property.
b. Largely ignored by Northern states
c. Most controversial part of Compromise of 1850.

Question 18

California Enters Union

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1850

Answer 18

a. Came in as part of Compromise of 1850

Question 19

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1851

Answer 19

a. Treaty between America and Great Britain negotiated in response to the attempts of building the Nicaragua Canal which would connect the Pacific and Atlantic.

Question 20

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1852

Answer 20

a. Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, considered her most powerful book, helped open Northerners’ eyes to the atrocities of slavery.
b. Most popular of many abolitionist writings
c. Sparked response from South, who also created works explaining why slavery was not only legal, but good.

Question 21

Know Nothing (American) Party

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1854-1856

Answer 21

a. Created by a group of bigoted asses who wanted to protect their way of life and feared that immigrants would ruin that.
b. Called for the banishment of Catholics and foreign-born from holding public office, more restrictive naturalization laws, and literacy tests to vote.
c. Called Know- Nothing because their secret code for the meetings was “I know nothing”.
d. After 1855 the Know-Nothings declined in power, but still helped collapse the existing political party system of Whigs and Democrats.

Question 22

Franklin Pierce

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1853- 1857

Answer 22

a. Democrat who won the election by a landslide due to the split of the Whig Party.
b. He attempted to stay out of the slavery issue but could not, during his presidency he supported the Kansas-Nebraska Act which sparked controversy and branded him as one of the worst presidents.
c. Other controversy during his presidency was the Ostend Manifesto
d. He tried to be a good guy, but was not suited for the turbulent times in America, and had his reputation destroyed when he declared support for the Confederacy.

Question 23

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1854

Answer 23

a. Illinois Senator Stephen Douglas wanted to create a transcontinental railroad that would run through a huge new territory called Nebraska.
b. Since Douglas knew the South would oppose the bill since the creation of the railroad would also create a new free state, Douglas compromised, saying that popular sovereignty in the new territory would determine whether slavery was allowed or not. When pushed further by the Southerners, Douglas created a bill explicitly rejecting the Missouri Compromise and to divide the territory into Kansas and Nebraska, since Kansas would be more likely to be a slave-state.
c. When it was supported by President Pierce and made a law in 1866 the Whig party fell apart immediately, it divided Northern Democrats, some of whom considered the Missouri Compromise sacred, and created the Republican Party.

Question 24

Republican Party

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1854

Answer 24

a. Created as result of Kansas-Nebraska Controversy.
b. People who opposed Douglas’s bill called themselves Anti-Nebraska Democrats or Whigs, till they merged to become the Republican Party.
c. They allied with the Know-Nothing Party to virtually take over the House of Representatives.
d. Anti-Slavery party that would become the lead opposition to the Pro-Slavery Democrats

Question 25

Ostend Manifesto

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1854

Answer 25

a. Pierce looked to relieve Sectional differences by supporting the movement “Young America” in which they would expand U.S. democracy throughout the world, open up trade with more countries, and acquire new territories in the Western Hemisphere
b. Pierce was unsuccessfully trying to purchase Cuba from Spain when his envoys sent him a private memo from Ostend, Belgium, to seize Cuba by force.
c. When this was revealed to the public antislavery Northerners were infuriated, since they saw the Union trying to create a new slave state.
d. As for the Southern perspective, both Hawaii and Canada were not annexed since they would not have a slave system.
e. This created further tensions and drew the North and South even further apart.

Question 26

Bleeding Kansas

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1854-1861

Answer 26

a. Since the slave status of Kansas was to be determined by popular sovereignty, thousands of unregistered people streamed into the state to vote for slavery.
b. Antislavery citizens were enraged and created their own government in Topeka, and asked to be recognized by the Federal government as a different state.
c. Pierce called them traitors and supported the pro-slavery legislature. A couple months later a Federal Marshall sacked the antislavery town and burned the governor’s house. This was retaliated in kind by John Brown’s Pottawatomie Massacre
d. Kansas quickly became a symbol for the sectionalism that was tearing apart the country

Question 27

John Brown’s attack on Pottawatomie Creek

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1855

Answer 27

a. John Brown was a fierce abolitionist who believed that he had been chosen by God to end slavery.
b. After the attack on the antislavery government in Kansas, Brown and six other followers, four of which were his sons, went one night and killed five proslavery citizens, leaving their bodies as warnings to others who supported slavery not to enter Texas.
c. This led to more civil strife between the two groups, as guerilla warfare became more and more common, though some of them were more for looting than ideologies.

Question 28

Brooks-Sumner Incident

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1856

Answer 28

a. In 1856 Charles Sumner, a militant abolitionist, gave a speech in the Senate called “The crime against Texas”. He focused much of the speech on Senator Butler of S. Carolina, and claimed slavery was essentially a harlot.
b. Butler’s nephew, Preston Brooks, a member of the H.O.R. was enraged because of the sexual references, and approached Sumner at his desk and began beating him with a cane. Sumner was trapped and tore off the bolts of the desk to escape, but then collapsed and did not come back for four years.
c. Sumner became a martyr in the North, while Brooks was seen as a hero in the South. Needless to say, this led to further complications between the sections

Question 29

James Buchanan

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1857- 1861

Answer 29

a. Buchanan was a democrat who had been in England during the Bleeding Kansas incident, won the election after a long battle between the Republicans and Know Nothing Party.
b. As soon as he became president a depression struck the country, which helped the Republicans since many faulted the Democrat administration for the crash.
c. Buchanan’s presidency was mired with controversy, due to his approval behind the Dred Scott Decision as well as his attempts to allow Kansas into the Union as a slave state

Question 30

Dred Scott VS. Sanford

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1858

Answer 30

a. Dred Scott was a slave who had been taken into the free state of Missouri where his master then died. Scott then sued his master’s widow for his freedom and was granted it by the state, but her brother, Sanford claimed ownership of Scott and appealed to the circuit courts, who then reversed their decision.
b. Scott then brought the case to the Federal Courts and eventually the Supreme Court, however, Sanford’s attorney said he could not do this because he was property, and property cannot sue.
c. The Supreme Court was so divided that it did not issue a single ruling, however Chief Justice Taney wrote a majority opinion stating that Scott could not be in court because he was not a citizen. By this logic, Congress had no authority to pass a law depriving people to bring their “property” into territories.
d. Was one of the most controversial judgments by the Supreme Court ever, was seen as a huge victory for White Southerners, but Northerners were enraged and threatened to reverse the rulings as soon as the Republicans gained power in the government.

Question 31

Lecompton Constitution

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1857

Answer 31

a. Buchanan tried to handle the situation in Kansas by allowing it into the Union as a slave state. The proslavery then called for a constitution convention which the antislavery settlers refused to attend. Therefore, the proslavery citizens earned the majority at the convention and created the Lecompton Constitution, which allowed slavery.
b. The Southerners refused to give voters a chance to reject the Constitution. At the next election a bunch of antislavery groups went to vote and won a majority. They then submitted the constitution to the people where it was rejected by a landslide.
c. It was clear that most Kansasonians did not want slavery, nevertheless, Buchanan pressured Congress to accept Kansas as a slave state, but it eventually died in the H.O.R. as Western Democrats refused to support the President. Congress decided to let the voters decide, and as they had done before, they rejected the Lecompton Constitution.

Question 32

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1858

Answer 32

a. At this point Lincoln was viewed as one of the most skilled politicians for the Republican Party but was not well known outside of his home state.
b. He attempted to increase his popularity by engaging Douglas in public debates. The arguments were a huge success as they attracted enormous crowds and received widespread attention.
c. The debates were on the issue of slavery, as Douglas did not view it as a moral issue, but was against slavery because it would take away from the labor of whites in the West. On the contrary, Lincoln believed slavery was morally wrong and as a result, the spread of slavery should be stopped, and the rest would eventually become obsolete.
d. Even though Douglas was re-elected, the Lincoln-Douglas debates garnered huge success for Lincoln and helped popularize him in the eyes of most Americans.

Question 33

Freeport Doctrine

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1858

Answer 33

a. Lincoln tried to force Douglas to choose between the concept of popular sovereignty or the Dred-Scott Decision.
b. Douglas answered indirectly, saying that if a territory was opposed to slavery they could make laws that were unfavorable to slavery and vice versa.
c. Douglas believed his answer to be a compromise between the proslavery and antislavery factions, and it was enough to win him reelection to the Senate, however, many Southerners Democrats were upset because he did not defend slavery far enough. This contributed to Douglas’ loss during the presidential election of 1860.

Question 34

John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1858

Answer 34

a. Plan was to invade the South with guns and lead a huge slave revolt.
b. Brown and 18 followers went to Harper’s Ferry, where they attacked an armory.
c. Things went bad immediately, as Robert E. Lee attacked them and killed ten of them. Brown was then hung, but said that soon the whole country would be drowning in blood.
d. Southerners pointed to this incident as a warning, most Northerners claimed he was just crazy, but some abolitionists felt it was about time someone did something radical against slavery.

Question 35

Abraham Lincoln

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1860

Answer 35

a. Ran for president in 1860, ran on a pro-business platform, said slavery should not be extended in the west. He ran against a split Democratic party and only received 39% of the vote but still won the electorate.
b. He did not get a single Southern vote as many believed he was lying and that he was actually an abolitionist.
c. After Lincoln’s election the Southern states seceded, but unlike previous president Buchanan, Lincoln was not content to let them go without a fight, and the Civil War began.

Question 36

Fort Sumter

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1861

Answer 36

a. When the south seceded, they seized all U.S. forts, except for two which refused to be taken.
b. Fort Sumter was the prominent one, since it was in the middle of Charlestown River.
c. They had a dilemma, since they were running out of supplies, and if Lincoln let the South take it over he would look weak, but if he sent in ammunition he would start a huge war.
d. Lincoln sent in food and the South attacked them; Lincoln then called for Northerners to take on these rebels, and the Civil War began!

Question 37

The Confederate States of America (The Confederacy)

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1861

Answer 37

a. Name adopted by the 11 Southern states who seceded from the Union and formed their own country.
b. Fought against the Union during the Civil War

Question 38

Trent Affair

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1861

Answer 38

a. The Trent was an English ship which had two Confederate Diplomats on it
b. The Union confiscated their ship and the diplomats were taken hostage.
c. Britain threatened to go to war over this, and Lincoln was forced to apologize.
d. Had a foreign power sided with the Confederacy it is very likely that the Confederacy would have won.

Question 39

Confiscation Act

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1861

Answer 39

a. Laws passed by Congress to free the slaves belonging to Confederate Forces.
b. 1ST one stated that Union troops could confiscate the “property” of the Confederate forces and free them. 2nd one said that any confederate citizen who did not surrender within 60 days of the Act would have their slaves freed. However, this only applied to property already in the Union’s possession, which most of the Confederate was not.
c. Lead up to Emancipation Proclamation and eventually the 13th Amendment.

Question 40

Sherman’s March through Georgia

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1864-65

Answer 40

a. 1864-65, Sherman marched through Georgia in a “Total War” technique, basically destroying everything in his path including infrastructure and civilian property to undercut morale and end the war.

Question 41

Appottomax Court House

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1865

Answer 41

a. Site where General Lee surrendered to U.S. Grant.

Question 42

Reconstruction and the West

Antebellum Sectionalism and Civil War

1865- 1883

Answer 42

a. Period where nation struggled with trying to get the rebel states back and what to do with the 3.5 million freed slaves
b. As for getting states back into the Union, first was Lincoln’s 10% plan, then the Wade-Davis Bill by radical Republicans. Johnson then had a plan very similar to Lincoln’s except it said former confederates could not come back fully unless they got a presidential pardon. Johnson then proceeded to pardon a ton of people.
c. Congress then had a reconstruction plan of their own, which divided the South into 5 districts run by the military, and said the Southerners had to accept the 14th amendment, give blacks right to vote.

Question 43

Lincoln’s proclamation Of Amnesty and Reconstruction (10% plan)

Reconstruction and the West

1865

Answer 43

a. Lincoln set up a process for Reconstruction in the South that made Unionists in charge, his plan sided with the moderates and conservatives who were trying to protect the freedmen and bring them to the Republican’s side.
b. Most Southerners, except for high confederates, who took an oath of loyalty and denounced slavery were given a full pardon.
c. A state could rejoin the Union as soon as 10% of them took a loyalty oath and denounced slavery.
d. This plan was seen as super lenient by the Radical Republicans who decided to create their own Reconstruction plan.

Question 44

Wade-Davis Bill

Reconstruction and the West

1865

Answer 44

a. Plan for reconstruction presented by Radical Republicans in Congress.
b. Authorized the President to create a provisional governor for each seceded state, when a majority of the white males in the state pledged their fealty they could call for a constitutional convention, whose delegates had never taken arms up against the Union.
c. Under the new plan the states would have to abolish slavery, get rid of Confederate civil and military leaders, and renounce the debts accumulated by the states during the war. After all this was accomplished, the state would then be readmitted into the union.
d. Lincoln pocket vetoed this plan which enraged the radicals, and made Lincoln realize that he would have to accept at least some of their plans.

Question 45

Freedman’s Bureau

Reconstruction and the West

1865-1867

Answer 45

a. Agency of the army directed by General Oliver Howard, purpose was to help protect and create order for the freedmen.
b. Gave millions of former slaves food, made schools with missionaries and teachers who had been sent by Northern charity groups, and attempted to give blacks land of their own, as well as some destitute southern whites.
c. Though highly ambitious, the Freedmen’s bureau was not a permanent solution since they were too small and was only given one year to operate. At the end of the war alternative methods of reconstruction for the South were appearing.

Question 46

13th, 14th, 15th Amendments

Reconstruction and the West

1865-1869

Answer 46

a. 13- (1865) Freed all slaves, abolished slavery
b. 14- (1868) 1. Defined American citizenship, saying that anyone born or naturalized in the U.S. are citizens who deserve due process and equal protection under the laws. 2. Said any state who keeps an eligible citizen from voting will be penalized by reducing their representation in Congress and the electoral college. 3. Said former confederates could not hold state or federal office unless they were pardoned by 2/3s of congress.
c. 15- (1869) Said states and federal governments could not deny a person to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Question 47

Black Codes

Reconstruction and the West

1867

Answer 47

a. Created to give whites control over the former slaves.
b. Allowed local officials to arrest unemployed blacks, fine them due to loitering, and hire them out to private employers to pay off the fines.
c. Some others forbade African Americans to own farms or work as anything other than plantation workers or servants.
d. In response Congress first extended the life of the Freedmen’s Bureau and gave it the power to nullify work agreements forced onto the blacks. In 1866 Congress passed the first Civil Rights Act which said Blacks were citizens of the U.S. and gave the federal government the power to interfere in states to protect their citizens. Johnson vetoed both, but was overruled.

Question 48

Civil Rights Act

Reconstruction and the West

1866- 1875

Answer 48

a. 1866- Said that any person born in the U.S. regardless of race is a U.S. citizen, overrode veto by Johnson.
b. 1871- Against KKK members, said no ethnic violence against blacks
c. 1875- Said no discrimination in public places (public accommodations, public transportation, and allowed blacks to be on the jury), but was later ruled unconstitutional.

Question 49

Klu Klux Klan

Reconstruction and the West

1867

Answer 49

a. Founded in 1867 by Ex-Confederate General Nathanial Forrest, was created to undermine the Reconstruction regimes and get the whites back in power.
b. Burned black owned companies and murdered blacks to prevent them from voting. Had cultist rituals which scared the bejeezus out of the blacks.
c. Many white Southerners saw the Klan as patriotic heroes who were continuing the battle against the North.
d. Congress attempted to stop the Klan by passing two enforcement acts, U.S. Grant eventually sent troops into South Carolina where they arrested hundreds of Klan members and put it into a state of decline.

Question 50

Military Reconstruction Act

Reconstruction and the West

1860’s

Answer 50

a. Divided the South into 5 military districts controlled by the Union army.
b. Increased the requirements for being allowed into the Union, the states had to ratify the 14th amendment and guarantee all men the right to vote regardless of race.

Question 51

Tenure of Office Act

Reconstruction and the West

1860’s

Answer 51

a. Controversial law, stated that the president could not remove civil officials without the Senate’s consent.
b. The radical republicans passed this to protect Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, who was a sympathizer with the Radical Republicans.
c. Johnson said screw that and dismissed him, at which point Johnson was impeached.

Question 52

Command of the Army Act

Reconstruction of the West

1867

Answer 52

a. Other controversial law of 1867, said the President could not issue a military order except through his general (U.S. Grant).
b. The commanding general could not be relieved or assigned without the consent of the Senate.

Question 53

Impeachment of Johnson

Reconstruction of the West

1867

Answer 53

a. Since Johnson was in charge of the Reconstruction program the Radical Republicans viewed him as a threat and sought a way to get rid of him.
b. They found their way when Johnson dismissed the Secretary of War Stanton, going in direct violation of the Tenure of Office Act.
c. The Republicans jumped at the chance and impeached Johnson, but he fell one short of the 2/3s requirement to get rid of Johnson, after which they gave up on getting rid of Johnson.

Question 54

Ulysses S. Grant

Reconstruction and the West

1861- 1877

Answer 54

a. Leading Union general in the Civil War, war-hero.
b. Ran for President in 1868 and served two terms.
c. He brought stability to the Union and Reconstruction, he also passed Civil Rights Acts and the 15th Amendment.