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New class 1911 > AP Resp > Flashcards

AP Resp Flashcards

1
Q

What are some functions of the respiratory system?

A

Pulmonary ventilation, gas exchange, transport of gases, regulation of blood pH, sense of smell, filters air, produces sound, excretes water and heat.

Functions are critical for maintaining homeostasis and supporting metabolic processes.

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2
Q

What are the two parts of the respiratory system based on structures?

A

Upper respiratory system, lower respiratory system.

The upper respiratory system includes the nose and pharynx, while the lower respiratory system includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

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3
Q

What are the components of the upper respiratory system?

A

Nose, pharynx and associated structures.

These components are responsible for filtering, warming, and humidifying the air.

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4
Q

What are the components of the lower respiratory system?

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

These structures are involved in conducting air and facilitating gas exchange.

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5
Q

What are the two parts of the respiratory system based on function?

A

Conducting zone, respiratory zone.

The conducting zone conducts air into the lungs, while the respiratory zone is responsible for gas exchange.

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6
Q

What is the goal of the conducting zone?

A

To conduct air into the lungs.

It includes structures such as the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.

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7
Q

What is the goal of the respiratory zone?

A

Gas exchange.

This zone includes structures such as bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.

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8
Q

What are the divisions of the nose?

A

Internal nose, external nose.

Each division plays a role in the overall function of the nasal cavity.

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9
Q

What is the external nose composed of?

A

Bone and cartilage covered in skin, lined with a mucous membrane.

The external nose provides structural support and protection.

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10
Q

What are the two openings of the external nose called?

A

External nares and nostrils.

These openings allow air to enter the nasal cavity.

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11
Q

What connects the internal nose to the throat?

A

Internal nares.

This connection facilitates the passage of air.

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12
Q

What are the four groups of sinuses in the internal nose?

A

Frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, ethmoidal.

These sinuses help with resonance, warmth, and humidification of the air.

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13
Q

What is the largest of the sinuses?

A

Maxillary sinus.

It plays a significant role in the respiratory function.

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14
Q

What does the nasal septum divide into?

A

Perpendicular plate, vomer, cartilage.

These structures provide support and separate the nasal cavities.

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15
Q

What are the basic functions of the nose?

A
  • Filters and warms air
  • Olfactory stimuli
  • Modifies vibration of speech

These functions are essential for respiratory health and communication.

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16
Q

What type of cells line the nasal cavity?

A
  • Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells
  • Goblet cells

These cells play a role in trapping dust and pathogens.

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17
Q

What moistens the air and traps dust particles in the nasal cavity?

A

Mucus from goblet cells.

This mucus is crucial for maintaining respiratory health.

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18
Q

What moves the dust-laden mucus towards the pharynx?

A

Cilia.

Cilia are hair-like structures that facilitate the movement of mucus.

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19
Q

What is the pharynx commonly referred to as?

A

Throat.

The pharynx serves as a passageway for both food and air.

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20
Q

What are the functions of the pharynx?

A
  • Resonance for speech
  • Houses tonsils
  • Passage for food and air

The pharynx plays a key role in both the respiratory and digestive systems.

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21
Q

What are the three divisions of the pharynx?

A
  • Nasopharynx (upper part)
  • Oropharynx (middle part)
  • Laryngopharynx

Each division has distinct anatomical and functional features.

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22
Q

What does the oropharynx open into?

A

Mouth and nasopharynx.

This opening allows for the passage of air and food.

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23
Q

What does the laryngopharynx connect to?

A

Esophagus and the larynx (voice box).

This connection is vital for swallowing and speaking.

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24
Q

What is the larynx lined with?

A

Mucous membrane.

This lining helps protect the larynx and facilitate sound production.

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25
Q

What are the four main components of the larynx?

A
  • Thyroid cartilage
  • Epiglottis
  • Cricoid cartilage
  • Arytenoid cartilages

These structures are essential for voice production and airway protection.

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26
Q

What is commonly referred to as the Adam’s apple?

A

Thyroid cartilage.

This structure is prominent in males and plays a role in voice modulation.

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27
Q

What is the epiglottis and its function?

A

A large leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage that closes the larynx to keep food and liquids from entering the respiratory system.

It acts like a trap door during swallowing.

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28
Q

What assists in the production of voice?

A

Arytenoid cartilages.

These cartilages are connected to the true vocal cords.

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29
Q

What are the two main structures of voice production?

A
  • False vocal cords (upper)
  • True vocal cords (lower) AKA vocal folds

The true vocal cords are responsible for producing sound.

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30
Q

What resembles strings on a guitar in the context of voice production?

A

The elastic ligaments of the true vocal cords (vocal folds).

These ligaments vibrate to create sound.

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31
Q

What influences the thickness of vocal cords?

A

Male sex hormones.

This difference contributes to the variance in pitch between genders.

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32
Q

What is the trachea?

A

A passageway for air that is anterior to the esophagus.

The trachea is crucial for air conduction to the lungs.

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33
Q

Where does the trachea extend from and to?

A

From the larynx to the 5th thoracic vertebra.

This structure serves as a conduit for air.

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34
Q

At what level does the trachea divide?

A

T5, into right and left primary bronchi.

This division allows air to enter both lungs.

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35
Q

What does the trachea consist of?

A

16 to 20 cartilage C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage.

These rings provide structural support and keep the airway open.

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36
Q

What provides protection against dust inside the trachea?

A

The mucus membrane and all the cell types.

This protects the respiratory system from debris.

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37
Q

What is the order of branching in the bronchial tree?

A

Trachea > L/R Primary Bronchus > Secondary bronchi > Tertiary bronchi > Bronchioles > Terminal bronchioles > Respiratory bronchioles > Alveolar ducts > Alveolar sacs > Alveoli.

This branching is crucial for efficient air distribution.

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38
Q

At what point in the branching do the vessels stop containing cartilage?

A

Bronchioles.

This transition marks the beginning of the gas exchange region.

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39
Q

What are the two spongy cone-shaped organs in the thoracic cavity?

A

Lungs.

The lungs are essential for gas exchange.

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40
Q

What separates the left and right lungs?

A

Heart and other structures in the mediastinum.

This anatomical arrangement allows for efficient function.

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41
Q

What is the pleural membrane?

A

A double-layered serous membrane that encloses and protects each lung.

This membrane is crucial for maintaining lung function.

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42
Q

What are the three divisions of the pleural membrane?

A
  • Parietal pleura
  • Visceral pleura
  • Pleural cavity

Each division has a unique role in lung mechanics.

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43
Q

What generates surface tension and keeps the pleural membranes adhered during inhalation?

A

The fluid in the pleural cavity.

This adhesion is essential for lung expansion.

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44
Q

What is the base of the lungs?

A

The broad bottom portion pressing against the diaphragm.

This anatomical feature is important for lung expansion.

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45
Q

Where is the apex of the lungs located?

A

Above the clavicle, 4cm above the first rib on the base of the neck.

This location is significant for anatomical orientation.

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46
Q

What is the cardiac notch?

A

An indent on the left lung due to the heart.

This notch allows space for the heart within the thoracic cavity.

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47
Q

How much smaller is the left lung compared to the right?

A

10% smaller.

This difference accommodates the heart’s position.

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48
Q

What are the deep grooves that divide each lobe of the lungs called?

A

Fissures.

These fissures help separate lung lobes for functional efficiency.

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49
Q

What are lobules?

A

Lymphatic vessel, arterioles, venules, and a branch from terminal bronchioles wrapped in elastic connective tissue.

Lobules are structural units of the lungs.

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50
Q

What are alveolar sacs?

A

Two or more alveoli that share a common opening in the alveolar duct.

Alveolar sacs are important for maximizing gas exchange.

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51
Q

What is the main site of gas exchange?

A

Alveoli.

This is where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged.

52
Q

What are surfactant cells?

A

Cells that secrete alveolar fluid to keep the surface between cells.

Surfactant reduces surface tension, preventing alveolar collapse.

53
Q

What are alveolar macrophages?

A

Wandering phagocytes that remove dust particles and other debris in the alveolar spaces.

These cells play a crucial role in maintaining lung health.

54
Q

What is surfactant comprised of?

A

Phospholipids and lipoproteins that reduce the tendency of alveoli to collapse.

Surfactant is critical for efficient lung function.

55
Q

What is breathing also known as?

A

Inspiration or inhalation.

This process is vital for gas exchange.

56
Q

What are the muscles involved in quiet inhalation?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.

These muscles facilitate the expansion of the thoracic cavity.

57
Q

What is responsible for about 75% of air entering the lungs during quiet breathing?

A

Diaphragm.

The diaphragm’s contraction is crucial for lung expansion.

58
Q

What does the diaphragm do to increase lung volume?

A

Contracts and flattens, pulling ribs upward and outward.

This action creates negative pressure in the thoracic cavity.

59
Q

What causes the ribs to move outward during normal breathing?

A

External intercostal muscles contracting.

This movement aids in increasing lung volume.

60
Q

What is exhalation also known as?

A

Expiration.

This is the process of expelling air from the lungs.

61
Q

When does exhalation occur?

A

Due to elastic recoil of chest and lungs.

This recoil happens naturally after the diaphragm relaxes.

62
Q

What prevents the alveoli from collapsing during exhalation?

A

The recoil effect and the presence of surfactant.

Both factors are essential for maintaining lung structure.

63
Q

What is a passive process of the lungs that does not require muscle use?

A

Quiet exhalation.

This process relies on the natural elasticity of lung tissue.

64
Q

What external intercostal muscles are used during passive exhalation?

A
  • Sternocleidomastoid muscles
  • Scalene muscles
  • Pectoralis minor

These muscles assist in expanding the thoracic cavity.

65
Q

What muscles are used during forced exhalation?

A
  • Internal intercostal
  • External oblique
  • Internal oblique
  • Transverse abdominis
  • Rectus abdominis

These muscles actively push air out of the lungs.

66
Q

What do the muscles do to the diaphragm to cause forced exhalation?

A

Pushes diaphragm upward.

This action increases pressure in the thoracic cavity.

67
Q

What happens to air molecules during lung expansion?

A

They occupy a larger volume, causing air pressure inside to decrease.

This decrease in pressure allows air to flow into the lungs.

68
Q

What happens to alveolar pressure when lung volumes decrease?

A

It increases.

This increase in pressure facilitates airflow out of the lungs.

69
Q

What is the air pressure at sea level?

A

760 mm Hg.

This is the standard atmospheric pressure.

70
Q

What is a healthy breathing rate?

A

12 per minute.

This rate varies based on factors like activity level and age.

71
Q

What is the volume of one breath called?

A

Tidal Volume.

This is the amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing.

72
Q

What is the total volume of air inhaled and exhaled each minute called?

A

Minute Ventilation.

This measure is important for assessing respiratory function.

73
Q

What is the equation for minute volume?

A

Breathes per minute X 500ml/breath (usually 6Liters/min).

This calculation helps determine overall lung efficiency.

74
Q

What percentage of tidal volume participates in gas exchange?

A

70%.

This percentage indicates the efficiency of respiratory function.

75
Q

What happens to the remaining 30% of tidal volume?

A

It does not participate in gas exchange, sitting in the conducting airway.

This portion is termed anatomical dead space.

76
Q

What can be used to measure respiratory rate and air volume?

A

Spirometer.

This tool is essential for evaluating lung function.

77
Q

What is the additional air inhaled beyond the normal tidal volume called?

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV).

This volume reflects the lungs’ capacity for increased inhalation.

78
Q

What is the additional air expired after a normal inhalation called?

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV).

This volume indicates the potential for increased exhalation.

79
Q

What is the volume of air that remains after expiratory reserve volume is expelled?

A

Residual Volume (RV).

This volume is crucial for preventing lung collapse.

80
Q

What is the sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume called?

A

Inspiratory Capacity (IC).

This reflects the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled.

81
Q

What is the sum of residual volume and expiratory reserve volume called?

A

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC).

This capacity indicates the volume of air remaining in the lungs after normal exhalation.

82
Q

What is the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume called?

A

Vital Capacity (VC), 4800 mL male, 3100 mL female.

This measurement is important for assessing lung health.

83
Q

What is the sum of vital capacity and residual volume called?

A

Total Lung Capacity (TLC).

This is the maximum amount of air the lungs can hold.

84
Q

What factors cause lung volume and capacity to vary?

A
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Body size

These factors influence respiratory health.

85
Q

What is the normal pattern of quiet breathing called?

A

Eupnea.

This term describes regular, unlabored breathing.

86
Q

What is costal breathing?

A

An upward and outward movement of the chest.

This type of breathing is typically shallow.

87
Q

What is diaphragmatic breathing?

A

Outward movement of the abdomen.

This type of breathing is deeper and more efficient.

88
Q

What is air?

A

A mixture of gases.

Air composition is vital for respiration.

89
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Pulmonary gas exchange, occurs in lungs between blood and external environment.

This process is essential for oxygenating blood.

90
Q

What can affect the rate of gas exchange?

A

Diseases affecting the surface area.

Conditions like emphysema can severely impact gas exchange.

91
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in alveolar air?

A

105 mmHg (at rest).

This pressure is crucial for efficient oxygen uptake.

92
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen (Po2) in pulmonary capillaries before diffusion?

A

40 mmHg.

This gradient drives oxygen diffusion into the blood.

93
Q

What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pco2) in deoxygenated blood?

A

45 mmHg.

This pressure facilitates carbon dioxide diffusion into the alveoli.

94
Q

Where does internal respiration take place?

A

Capillaries and the tissues throughout the body.

This process is crucial for delivering oxygen to cells.

95
Q

What percentage of oxygen is contained in blood plasma?

A

1.5%.

Most oxygen is carried bound to hemoglobin.

96
Q

What percentage of carbon dioxide is dissolved in blood plasma?

A

7%.

This represents a minor portion of total carbon dioxide transport.

97
Q

What binds to hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin?

A

23% of carbon dioxide.

This binding helps transport carbon dioxide back to the lungs.

98
Q

Where is the greatest percentage of carbon dioxide transported?

A

70% is transported in the plasma as bicarbonate ions (HCO3).

This conversion is crucial for maintaining blood pH.

99
Q

What is the respiratory center of the body?

A

Medulla oblongata and pons.

These brain structures regulate breathing rhythm.

100
Q

What controls the basic rhythm of respiration?

A

Medullary Respiratory Center.

This center coordinates involuntary breathing.

101
Q

What are the three groups that control rhythm and respiration in the medullary respiratory center?

A
  • Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)
  • Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)
  • Pontine Respiratory Group (PRG)

Each group has specific roles in regulating breathing.

102
Q

Which respiratory group generates nerve impulses for quiet breathing?

A

Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG).

This group is essential for normal respiratory function.

103
Q

How long do nerve impulses from the DRG usually last?

A

2 seconds.

This duration helps maintain a steady breathing rhythm.

104
Q

From which group do impulses for forceful breathing come?

A

Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG).

This group activates during increased respiratory demand.

105
Q

What role does the pontine respiratory group (PRG) play?

A

It plays a role in both inhalation and exhalation.

PRG helps smooth transitions between breathing phases.

106
Q

What allows us to hold our breath voluntarily?

A

Cerebral Cortex.

This area of the brain enables conscious control over breathing.

107
Q

What stimulates the inspiratory center in relation to emotional stimuli?

A

Hypothalamus and limbic system.

These areas can alter breathing patterns during strong emotions.

108
Q

What responds to chemical stimuli to determine breathing depth and rate?

A

Chemoreceptors.

These receptors monitor levels of O2, CO2, and pH.

109
Q

Where are central chemoreceptors located and what do they respond to?

A

Located in the medulla, they respond to changes in H and CO2 levels in the CSF.

Central chemoreceptors are critical for maintaining respiratory homeostasis.

110
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located and what do they respond to?

A

Located in the arch of the aorta and common carotids; sensitive to O2, H, and CO2 in the blood.

These receptors play a vital role in regulating respiration.

111
Q

What is the term for an increase in PCO2 above normal levels?

A

Hypercapnia.

This condition can lead to respiratory acidosis.

112
Q

What is hypoxia and when are chemoreceptors strongly stimulated?

A

A deficiency in O2, strongly stimulated at 50 mmHg.

This level indicates severe oxygen deprivation.

113
Q

What is hypocapnia?

A

When arterial PCO2 falls below 40 mmHg.

This condition may lead to respiratory alkalosis.

114
Q

What is the term for an INCREASE in PCO2, above the normal 40 mmHg?

A

Hypercapnia

Hypercapnia refers to elevated levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood, which can affect respiratory function.

115
Q

What is the term for a deficiency in O2?

A

Hypoxia

Hypoxia occurs when there is insufficient oxygen available to the tissues.

116
Q

At what mmHg would the chemoreceptors become STRONGLY stimulated?

A

50 mmHg

Normal arterial oxygen levels are around 100 mmHg; strong stimulation occurs at significantly lower levels.

117
Q

What is the term for when arterial PCO2 falls below 40 mmHg?

A

Hypocapnia

Hypocapnia indicates lower than normal levels of carbon dioxide in the blood.

118
Q

What do severe O2 deficiency depress?

A

Activity of the central chemoreceptors and inspiratory area

This depression can lead to impaired respiratory drive.

119
Q

Increase rate and depth of respirations due to anticipation of activity or emotional activity is an example of what stimulation?

A

Limbic system stimulation

The limbic system is involved in emotional responses and can influence respiratory patterns.

120
Q

What influences respirations when stimulation by stretch receptors in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles occurs?

A

The inflation reflex

The inflation reflex inhibits the inspiratory area to prevent over-inflation of the lungs.

121
Q

During exercise, what happens to the lungs?

A

Increase in blood flow

More oxygen is absorbed due to a larger percentage of blood flow to pulmonary capillaries, providing greater surface area for gas exchange.

122
Q

What happens during cessation of exercise?

A

Abrupt decrease in respirations

This decrease is due to lack of stimuli from proprioceptors and is followed by a normalization of blood chemistry.

123
Q

What happens to the tissue of your airway during aging?

A

Airway and tissue become less elastic and more rigid

Aging affects respiratory function by reducing the elasticity of lung tissue.

124
Q

How much of a decrease in vital capacity happens when you age (70yo)?

A

As much as 35%

This decrease can significantly impact respiratory efficiency and overall health.

125
Q

What can cause you to become more susceptible to pneumonia, bronchitis, and other pulmonary disorders?

A

Aging

The aging process can lead to structural and functional changes in the respiratory system, increasing vulnerability to diseases.

New class 1911 (6 decks)

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